Chapter 4 - Chromosomes and Heredity

Question 1

transmission of genetic characteristics from parent to offspring

Answer 1

heredity

Question 2

chart of 46 chromosomes laid out in order by size

Answer 2

karyotype

Question 3

two members of each pair of the 23 pairs are called

Answer 3

homologous chromosomes

Question 4

22 pairs of the 23 pairs of chromosomes are called

Answer 4

autosomes

Question 5

the 1 pair of the 23 pairs of chromosomes is called

Answer 5

sex chromosome ( x and y)

Question 6

know what a karyotype looks like and what it is

Question 7

describes any cells with 23 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 7

diploid

Question 8

describes cells containing half as many chromosomes as somatic cells; that is, sperm and egg cells

Answer 8

haploid

Question 9

sperm and egg cells are called

Answer 9

germ cells

Question 10

this restores diploid number to fertilized egg and somatic cells arise from it

Answer 10

fertilization

Question 11

the location of particular gene on a chromosome

Answer 11

locus

Question 12

different forms of gene at same locus on two homologous chromosomes

Answer 12

alleles

Question 13

• masks recessive allele
• often produces protein responsible for visible trait
• represented by a capital letter

Answer 13

dominant allele

Question 14

• represented by lowercase letter
• often codes for nonfunctional variant of protein
• corresponding trait only seen when recessive allele present on both homologous chromosomes

Answer 14

recessive allele

Question 15

alleles an individual possesses for a particular trait

Answer 15

genotype

Question 16

two types of genotypes

Answer 16

homozygous and heterozygous

Question 17

individuals - two identical alleles for the trait

Answer 17

homozygous

Question 18

individuals - different alleles for that gene

Answer 18

heterozygous

Question 19

an observable trait

Answer 19

phenotype

Question 20

a diagram showing possible genotype and phenotype outcomes from parents of known genotype

Answer 20

punnet square

Question 21

an allele is _______ if it shows in the phenotype of an individual

Answer 21

expressed

Question 22

they perform genetic testing and advise couples on probability of transmitting genetic diseases

Answer 22

genetic counselors

Question 23

genetic makeup of whole population

Answer 23

gene pool

Question 24

more than two allelic forms of gene

Ex: ABO blood

Answer 24

multiple alleles

Question 25

both alleles equally dominant Ex: AB blood

Answer 25

codominance

Question 26

heterozygous individual shows phenotype intermediate btwn traits each allele would have produced alone ex: red flower + white flower = pink flower

Answer 26

incomplete dominance

Question 27

genes at two or more loci contribute to a single phenotypic trait Ex: eye and skin colors; some cancers

Answer 27

polygenic inheritance

Question 28

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects

Answer 28

pleiotropy

Question 29

this is a disorder resulting in mutation on chromosome 3 that blocks breakdown of tyrosine

Answer 29

alkaptonuria

Question 30

carried on x or y chromosome; tend to be inherited by one sex more than the other

Answer 30

sex linked traits

Question 31

why is color blindness more common in men than women

Answer 31

because men suck just kidding..... recessive color blindness allele on x, no gene locus for trait on y, so color blindness more common in men

Question 32

percentage of population exhibiting expected phenotype

Answer 32

penetrance

Question 33

these influence gene expression ex: genes for melanin eye pigment can only be fully expressed if phenylalanine is in diet

Answer 33

environmental factors

Question 34

are dominant alleles more common in gene pool than recessive alleles

Answer 34

no, some recessive alleles are more common

Question 35

example of a dominant allele that's rare in population

Answer 35

AB blood type

Question 36

field examining nongenetic changes that alter gene expression and can be passed to offspring -gene expression is changed without genetic mutation to base sequence

Answer 36

epigenetics

Question 37

mechanism of epigenetic change in which methyl groups are added to DNA - often silences the gene - implicated in some forms of cancer

Answer 37

DNA methylation

Question 38

what kind of tumors cause cancer

Answer 38

malignant tumors

Question 39

1. to give off cells that spread and seed the growth of tumors elsewhere 2. what specific kind of tumor does this

Answer 39

1. metastasize | 2. malignant tumor

Question 40

slow growing, encapsulated tumors

Answer 40

benign tumors

Question 41

medical specialty dealing with tumors

Answer 41

oncology

Question 42

growth of blood vessels by energy-hungry tumors

Answer 42

tumor angiogenesis

Question 43

five types of cancers and where they are found

Answer 43

1. carcinomas - in epithelial tissue 2. lymphomas - in lymph nodes 3. melanomas - in pigment cells of epidermis 4. leukemias - in blood forming tissues 5. sarcomas - in bone, other connective tissue or muscle *know for test

Question 44

environmental cancer causing agents

Answer 44

carcinogens

Question 45

three types of carcinogens

Answer 45

radiation - UV rays, x rays chemical - cigarette tar, food preservatives, industrial chemicals viruses - HPV, hepatitis C, type 2 herpes simplex

Question 46

what is the percentage of cancer that is hereditary

Answer 46

5-10%

Question 47

these cause cell division to accelerate out of control

Answer 47

oncogenes

Question 48

-mutated genes or silenced genes leave oncogene action unopposed

Answer 48

tumor-suppressor (ts) gene -health tumor suppressor genes inhibit development of cancer

Question 49

what is this

Answer 49

karyotype

Question 50

what is this an example of

Answer 50

polygenic inheritance

Question 51

is A or B the primary tumor

Answer 51

A

Question 52

Is A or B the secondary metastatic tumor

Answer 52

B

Question 53

The malignant cell penetrates blood or lymph vessel - 1, 2, 3, 4

Answer 53

1

Question 54

Malignant cells travel to new sites - 1, 2, 3 or 4

Answer 54

2

Question 55

Traveling cells escape vessel - 1, 2, 3 or 4

Answer 55

3

Question 56

escaped malignant cells multiple and establish new tumors at new sites 1, 2 , 3 or 4

Answer 56

4