Chapter 4 Connect Assignment questions Flashcards
1
Q
Which statements Describe chromosomes
A
They contain DNA and proteins
They are More condensed than chromatin
2
Q
Chromatin is composed of what?
A
DNA and Proteins
3
Q
A __________ contains a single,long, tightly coiled molecule of DNA and is found in a dividing cell
A
Chromosome
4
Q
What is a passive form of transport
A
Simple Diffusion
5
Q
The 3 parts of the cytoplasm are cytosol, inclusions, and ___________
A
Organelles
6
Q
The viscous fluid in the cytoplasm
A
Cytosol
7
Q
True or false? Membrane bound organelles include ribosomes
A
False. The Non-organelle membrane contains Ribosomes
They include:Membrane-bound organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
8
Q
Whose function is this… Stabilize proteins
A
Ribosomes
9
Q
Whose function is this… Provides structural support within cells
A
Cytoskeleton
10
Q
Whose function is this… aid in muscle contraction and intracellular movement
A
Microfilaments
11
Q
Whose function is this… Stabilize cell junctions
A
Intermediate Filaments
12
Q
Golgi appratus, mitochondria, rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum and peroxisomes are grouped as__________
A
membrane bound organelles
13
Q
___________ is a general function performed by all cells
A
to obtain nutrients
14
Q
True or false? Obtaining nutrients and disposing of wastes is a general function that ALL cells must perform
A
True
15
Q
The three components of the cytoplasm are ________________, ____________, _________
A
Cytosol, organelles,inclusions
16
Q
The ___________ is a general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
A
cytoplasm
17
Q
The ______ membrane is also called the cell membrane
A
Plasma
18
Q
Much of the content of the __________ is the genetic material and DNA
A
Nucleus
19
Q
__________ are complex, organized structures inside cells, they have unique characteristics and shapes
A
Organelles
20
Q
Which statements characterize Rough ER
A
The amount of rough er is greater in cells that prdouce large amounts of proteins for secretion
Ribosomes ARE attached to rough ER
21
Q
The synthesis of steroid hormones occurs in _____
A
Smooth ER
22
Q
The synthesis of proteins occurs in _________
A
Rough ER
23
Q
What are the functions are smooth ER
A
Detoxification of alcohol
Synthesis of lipids
Transport of lipids
Metabolism of carbohydrates
24
Q
When viewed under a transmission electron microscope, the golgi apparatus looks like
A
A stack of flattened structures
25
The structure of the __________ has been compared to a warehouse center where arriving molecules are modified, packaged and shipped out
Golgi Apparatus
26
The organelles that function as an intracellular digestive system are the __________
lysosomes
27
Rapid digestion of a cell by its on lysosomes are called__________
autolysis
28
Destruction of the organelles, not the entire cell
Autophagy
29
______ are membrane enclosed sacs that contain over 50 different enzymes that vary by cell type that are initially formed by vesicles that pinch off from the rough ER
peroxisomes
30
A __________ is a small membranous organelle that breaks now hydrogen peroxide
peroxisome
31
Which of the following are classified as part of the endomembrane system
```
vesicles
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Lysosome
Golgi apparatus
peroxisome
```
32
Which organelles are the powerhouses of the cell because they perform aerobic respiration
Mitochondria
33
Non membrane organelles are composed of which of the following
Protein and RNA
34
Bound ribosomes like those found on the Rough ER are involved in which of the following actions
1. Synthesize proteins to serve as enzymes within lysosomes
2. Synthesize proteins for export
3. Synthesize integral proteins for the plasma membrane
35
The centrosome contains 2 ________ that lie perpendicular to one another
centrioles
36
The garbage disposal for unwanted and\or excess protein in a cell are the ___________
proteasomes
37
Microfilaments are made up of 2 strands of the protein _________
Actin
38
Microtubules function in all of the following except
Forming the internal support of microvilli
| Note: Microfilaments form the support of microvilli NOT Microtubules
39
Flagella differ from cilia, in that flagella usually occur______ while cilia usually occur ______
(Singly), (in large numbers)
40
True or false? Cilia and flagella are projections that extend from the surface of some cells
True
41
______ are thin microscopic projections extending from the surface of the plasma membrane. They are smaller than cilia
Microvilli
42
___________ are thin miscroscopic membrane extensions from the surface of the plasma membrane that are shorter and more narrow than cilia
Microvilli
43
The 3 major types of membrane junctions are ________ junctions, demosomes, and gap junctions
Tight
44
Intestinal cells are joined by _________ in order to prevent digestive juices from moving between and damaging adjacent cells
Tight Junctions
45
Demosome membrane jucntions are reinforced by __________
Intermediate filaments
46
__________ junctions allow small solutes to travel between adjacent cells
Gap Junction
47
The _______ is a general term for all cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus
Cytoplasm
48
Which statements characterize organelles
1. Each type of organelle has a specific function
2. They are generally located within the cell
3. Each type of organelle differs in shape
49
What are the functions of Rough ER
1. Formation of transport vesicles
2. Production of Proteins
3. Storage of proteins to be exported from the cell
50
Transport (Shuttle) vesicles are produced within a cell by __________
Rough ER
51
Which statements characterize smooth ER
1. It can detoxify drugs
2. It does NOT have ribsomes attached to it
3. It stores lipids
52
Lysosomes remove old organelles through a process called __________
Autophagy
53
When a protein is marked for destruction by having a protein called ubiquitin bound to it, the organelle responsible for this removal is ________
proteasomes
54
Microtubules are composed of a protein called ___________
Globular tubulin
55
_________ function like spot welds to seal off the intacellular space and prevent substances from passing between the cells
Tight Junctions
56
_________ junctions are found between adjacent epithelial cells and prevent substances from leaking between them
Tight
57
Which statements correctly describes the nuclear envelope
1. It controls the entry of substances into and put of the nucleus
2. It contains Phospholipids
3. It is continuous with the ER
4. It is a double membrane
58
The nuclear envelope is continuous with the _______ in the cytoplasm and have ribosomes attached to its cytoplasmic surface
Rough ER
59
Match the DNA Substance:
1. Finely filamented mass of DNA and protein
2. becomes visible only when the cell is dividing
3. DNA double helix wound around a clusters of histones
1. Chromatin
2. Chromosomes
3. Nucleosome
60
Match the nueclotide pairs of DNA
1. Adenine pairs with ______
2. Guanine pairs with ______
3. Cytosine pairs with______
4. Thyamine pairs with _____
1. Thyamine
2. Cytosine
3. Guanine
4. Adenine
61
In preparation for cell division, long DNA molecules wind around a cluster of special nuclear proteins called________
Histones
62
The nucleus is enclosed by a double membrane structure called the _________
Nuclear Envelope
63
________ is not a nitrogenous base found in DNA nucleotides
Uracil
64
In DNA, adenine pairs with _______
Thymine
65
The rate at which a substance diffuse is not constant but is dependent upon which of the following
1. Temperature
| 2. Magnitude of the concentration gradient
66
Which of the following is NOT correct regarding simple diffusion
Energy (ATP) for the action is provided by the plasma membrane
67
_________ occurs when substances move across cell membranes unaided because they are either small, nonpolar, or both
Simple diffusion
68
Sodium ions move into the cell by ___________
Channel mediated Diffusion
69
Osmosis is unique as it involves the movement of _________and does not involve the movement of_____________
water, solutes
70
Osmosis is a type of _________ transport
Passive transport
71
True or false?The phospholipid bilayer prevents the movement of most solutes
True
72
True or false? water molecules can pass throughthe phospholipid bilayer if aquaporins are present
True
73
In general ______ molecules move across the plasma membrane readily, while _____ molecules need special transport systems to move them across the membrane
smaller, larger
74
A difference in solute concentration can exist between the cytosol and the interstitial fluid because the _______prevents their movement
phospholipid bilayer
75
Osmosis is a type of diffusion in which the net movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane is from a region of ________ water concentration to a region of ________water concentration
High, Low
76
True or false? The steeper the concentration gradient of a solute, the lower the osmotic pressure
False
| As a solute gradient increases so does the osmotic pressure
77
If a cell is placed into a solution of distilled water (which contain no solutes), the cell will _____
Lyse (Burst)
78
A cell placed into a hypotonic solution will undergo
Lysis (Burst)
79
Active transport processess move substance across membranes against a concentration gradient. The source for active transport is supplied primarily by cellular energy in the form of __________
ATP
80
Active transport mechanisms that moves ions across a selectively permeable membrane are referred to as ______pumps Those that move one type of ion into the cell and another type of ion out of the cells are specifically called _____ pumps
ions, exchange
81
The sodium potassium exchange pumps ____ sodium ions out of the cell for every ____ potassium ions it transports into a cell
3,2
82
If two substances are moved across a membrane in the same direction by a carrier protein it is called an ____
Symporter
83
The term endocytosis
includes phagocytosis and pinocytosis
84
Exocytosis is a means by which cells release substances to the outside. This process requires the cell to expend energy in the form of ___________, Typically the secretion is packaged into __________ which fuse with the _________ prior to release
ATP, Vesicles, Plasma
85
The net movement of a substance from high concentration to low concentration is ________
Diffusion
86
____________and _________ solutes move more easily across the phospholipid bilayer
small and nonpolar solutes
87
When water moves across a semi permeable membrane , the pressure it exerts is ____________
Osmotic pressure
88
A cell containing 0.9% NaCl is placed in a solution with 5 %NaCl, the solution outside of the cell is _______ relative to the other contents.
Hypertonic
89
Match the tonicity to its definition
1. The cytosol and solution outside the cell have the sane concentration of solutes
2. The solution outside the cell has a lower concentration of solutes than the cytosol
3. The solution outside the cell has a higher concentration of solutes than cytosol
1. Isotonic
2. Hypotonic
3. Hypertonic
90
Primary active transport uses phosphate from the breakdown of __________ to phosphorylate the membrane transport pump resulting in the change in a ___________ conformation (shape) and the subsequent movement of a solute across the membrane
ATP, protein's
91
Exocytosis is the process whereby large molecules are secreted ________ the cell
From
92
Which are required for translation
tRNA
mRNA
Ribosomes
Amino acids
93
The synthesis of a new protein from an mRNA transcript is called _________
Translation
94
The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the __________
Ribosomes
95
A codon can code for all of the following except as ___________
anticodon of mRNA
Note: Anticodons are on tRNA
96
Match the stage of translation with the events that occur within it:
1. mRNA binds to ribosomal subunits and a tRNA carrying methioine
2. Amino acids are added to form a protein
3. Ribosome subunits seperate and the protein is released
1. Initiation
2. Elongation
3. Termination
97
DNA is considered the boss of the cell because _______
It directs the synthesis of proteins that carry out body functions
98
A ____________ is made as a product of translation
protein
99
Th process that occurs on ribosomes by which a mRNA transcript is read and a new protein produced is called ________
translation
100
During translation the __________ site is where the new amino acid joins the ribosome, the __________site is the new polypeptide that is forming and the _________ site is from where the tRNA exits
aminoacyl, P, E
101
A 3 nucleotide unit of mRNA is known as ______
Codon
102
Put the steps of translation into proper order:
1. Ribosomal subunits bind the mRNA and a tRNA
2. Protein synthesis begins with the amino acid methionine
3. Anticodons and codons are paired; amino acids are joined
4. A stop codon is read
5. Ribosomal subunits seperate releasing the protein
103
True or false? DNA is considered the control center (BOSS) of the cell because it directs the synthesis of carbohydrates that carry out body functions
False
Not carbohydrates but proteins
104
The primary cellular sites for the production of proteins are the _________
Ribosomes
105
____________ are common cell shapes
Spherical, Column- like, Cube -like
106
A resting membrane potential is essential in the normal function of which of the following type of cells
Muscle and Nerve cells
107
The relative distributions of K+, which is more concentrated inside the cell and Na+ which is more concentrated outside of the cell are the result of the activity of the _________
Na+\K+ pump
108
The inside of the cell is relatively more _____ than the outside of the cell
Negative
109
The net movement of the K+ and Na+ in maintaining the resting membrane potential is partially dependent upon the number of _____________
Leak channels
110
____________diffusion is the most important factor in establishing the specific value of the resting membrane potential
Potassium
111
Sodium diffusion into cells occurs ___________the loss of K+
Simultaneously
112
Both Na+ and K+ are pumped by the Na+\K+ pumps ________ their concentration gradients in maintaining the resting membrane potential
up
113
Neurons have a resting membrane potential of ___ mv
-70
114
Na+ and K+ are moved in _______ directions to maintain the resting membrane potential
Opposite
115
Place the steps of transcription in order:
1. DNA is unwound and RNA polymerase attaches to the promoter of the gene
2. RNA polymerase forms an RNA copy of the gene
3. The RNA strand is released from the DNA strand
116
Which of the following functional types of RNA are produced during transcription
tRNA, mRNA, rRNA
117
What events will happen during transcription once RNA polymerase binds to the promoter region of the gene?
The hydrogen bonds between the two strands of DNA will break
The DNA double heliz will open up as the strands seperate
118
____________ describes the process of formation of hydrogen bonds between a base of a ribonucleotide and its complimentary base of the DNA strand
Elongation
119
When the hydrogen bonds are broken between the DNA strand and the newly formed RNA strand, then ________ has occured
Termination
120
The initial strand of mRNA formed during transcription is more specifically called _________ mRNA
pre, or primary transcript
121
Following transcription _______ is not a modification that can be made to a newly formed mRNA
decarboxylation
122
To increase the stability of mature mRNA, sometimes a Gunanine will be added to the lead end , this modification process is called
Capping
123
Which of the following describes the role of the promoter during transcription
1. It serves as the strating point of a gene
| 2. It is the part of the gene that RNA polymerase will contact and recognize
124
After transcription, RNA undergoes splicing in which the _______ are removed and the ______ are spliced together
introns, exons
125
A typical cell that has how many nuclei _____
one
126
The _______ is the control center of cellular activies in a cell
DNA
127
Forms of passive transport across cell membranes include
Diffusion, Osmosis
128
What is NOT found in the plasma membrane
DNA
129
A transmission electron microscope (TEM) uses a _______________ to create an image for viewing
electron beam
130
The microscope of choice for a detailed three dimensional study of the surface of a cell specimen is the
Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
131
The cell structure that functions as the gatekeeper to regulate the passage of gases, nutrients and wastes between the internal and external enviroment is the _____________
Plasma membrane
132
The phospholipid bilayer ensures that the ________ remains outside the cell
The phospholipid bilayer ensures that cytosol remains inside the cell, and interstitial fluid remains outside.
133
The bulk of the plasma membrane consists of a ____________
phospholipid bilayer
134
Match the function of the plasma membrane with its mechanism of action:
1. Contain receptors that recognize and respond to molecular signals
2. Establishes and maintains an electrical charge difference across the plasma membrane
3. Phospholipid bilayer seperates substances inside and outside of the cell
4. Regulated entry and exit of ions, nutrients, and waste molecules, through the membrane
1. Communication
2. Electrochemical Gradients
3. Physical barrier
4. Selectively permeability
135
The basic structure of the plasma membrane is the ___________
Phospholipid bilayer
136
A type of steroid called _________ is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer where is strengthens the membrane and stabilizes it at extreme temperatures
Cholesterol
137
Which statements are true regarding cholesterol
It strengthens the plasma membrane and it is scattered within the hydrophobic regions of the phospholipid bilayer
138
Which statements are true regarding glycolipids
They are located only on the outer layer of the plasma membrane and they are important for cell to cell recognition
139
True or false? Integral proteins extend through the plasma membrane , peripheral proteins do not
True
140
There are 2 types of proteins in the plasma membrane, these two types are ______ proteins and ______proteins
integral, peripheral
141
Proteins with an attached carbohydrate groups are ___________
glycoproteins
142
_________proteins are NOT embedded in the phospholipid bilayer
Peripheral
143
Channels, carriers, pumps, symporters, and antiporters are all examples of __________
Transport proteins
144
proteins that assist the movement of a substance across a cell membrane are called _________
transmembrane proteins
145
____________proteins provide a means of regulating movement of substances across the plasma membrane
Transport proteins
146
__________is not a function of plasma membrane proteins
Energy production
147
Which of the following correctly describes enzymes
They are proteins
They are catalysts
They may be attached to the internal or external surface of a cell.
148
Types of transport proteins include:
Carriers, channels, pumps
149
Some membrane proteins catalyze (speed up) the rate of metabolic reactions. These proteins are acting as _____________
enzymes
150
The 2 major categories of transport are ______ transport that requires no energy expenditure and ______ transport
passive, active
151
Match the membrane bound organelles with their structures
1. Interconnected network of membrane tubules and vesicles, no ribosomes attached
2. Flattened intracellular network of membrane sacs called cristernae, ribosomes attached on cytoplasmic surface
3. Stacked series of flattened, smooth membrane sacs with associated transport vesicles
4. Double membrane structures with cristae
1. Smooth ER
2. Rough ER
3. Golgi Appartus
4. Mitochondria
152
The organelle in which transcription takes place is the _____________
nucleus
153
Select all of the following that is required for transcription
RNA polymerase, Ribonucleotide, DNA
154
True or false? In transcription a DNA gene is read and copied to produce a newly formed strand of DNA
False
155
During transcription
RNA polymerase builds an RNA copy of a DNA gene
156
The study of cells is called ____________
Cytology
157
Physical or direct contact between two cells is important in normal functioning in some cells, especially those of the _________ system
immune
158
________________ are an example of who might share the same pattern of sugars that extend from their cells in the form of a glycocalyx
Identical Twins
159
Liagands are molecules released from one cell that bind to the receptor of another cell, which of the following are types of receptors that can bind ligands
Channel linked
Enzymatic
G protein coupled
160
What is not an example of how sperm communicate through direct contact
The cells of the hypothalamus sending out pyrogens to induce fever
161
Immune system cells differentiate healthy versus unhealthy cells in the body by examining the _________
Glycoclayx
162
In passive transport process materials flow from a region of ______ concentration to a region of ________concentration of the same material
high, low
163
The unit of measurement often used to measure cell size
micrometer (um)
164
In facilitated diffusion _______ and _______diffuse across a selectively permeable membrane down their concentration gradient
small polar molecules and ions
165
Light microscopy passes________ through the structures within a cell whereas electron microscopy uses a __________ of _________ to illuminate the specimen
Light, beam, electrons
166
An image produced by passing a visible light through a specimen is obtained using a ________
Light microscope
167
The 2 types of facilitated diffusion are ________ and __________
carrier mediated diffusion
| channel mediated diffusion
