Chapter 4 Study Questions Flashcards
1
Q
The study of cells
A
Cytology
2
Q
What are the types of microscopic images
A
- The light microscope (LM):
two-dimensional image
Passes light through a specimen
Uses color-dye stains
2.The electron microscope (EM:)
beam of electrons to “illuminate”
greater magnification than a light microscope
greater ability to see details (resolution)
- Transmission electron microscope (TEM):
Directs electron beam through sections
Produces two-dimensional images
4.Scanning electron microscope (SEM)
Directs an electron beam across the surface
Generates a three-dimensional study
3
Q
Types of microscopic images that are TWO dimensional
A
- Light Microscope
2. Transmission electron microscope
4
Q
Types of microscopic images that are THREE dimensional
A
Scanning electron microscope
5
Q
Types of microscopic images that use dyes to visualize structures
A
Light Microscope
6
Q
What are 3 main components of a cell
A
Cell Membrane (Plasma Membrane)
Cytoplasm
Nucleus
7
Q
The part of the cell that controls material movement in and out
A
Plasma membrane: Cell membrane
Regulates the movements of most substances in and out of the cell
8
Q
What material is contained within the nucleus
A
Genetic material
9
Q
What is the largest structure in the cell
A
Nucleus
10
Q
What is the part of the cell between the cell membrane and nucleus
A
Cytoplasm
11
Q
Fluid between the cell
A
Cytosol: (intracellular fluid)
12
Q
Fluid within the cells
A
Intracellular- within cell (cytosol)
13
Q
Fluid between the cells
A
Interstitial: extracellular fluid between cells
14
Q
Fluid outside the cells
A
Extracellular- outside cells
15
Q
What type of fluid is blood
A
Extracellular fluids
16
Q
What are the components of the cytoplasm
A
Cytoplasm:
Located: between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Components Includes: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
17
Q
What are the components of the cytoplasm
A
Cytoplasm:
Located: between plasma membrane and the nucleus
Components Includes: cytosol, organelles, and inclusions
Next question explains each component down below!
18
Q
Cytostol
A
(intracellular fluid)
Viscous fluid of the cytoplasm
High water content
Contains dissolved molecules and elements
19
Q
Organelles
A
Organized structures within cells Unique shape and function Membrane-bound organelles enclosed by a membrane Non-membrane-bound organelles not enclosed within a membrane
20
Q
Inclusions
A
Large diverse group of molecules not bound by membrane Storage molecules Generally not permanent pigments, glycogen, triglycerides
21
Q
What are TWO major types of organelles
A
Membrane-bound organelles
enclosed by a membrane
Non-membrane-bound organelles
not enclosed within a membrane
22
Q
What distinguishes the TWO major types of organelles
A
Organized structures within cells
Unique shape and function
23
Q
What are the functions of cells
A
Maintain integrity and shape of cell Obtain nutrients Metabolism Dispose of wastes Cell division
24
Q
What are the functions of cells
Describe each
A
Maintain integrity and shape of cell Obtain nutrients Metabolism Dispose of wastes Cell division
25
What are the components of the cell membrane
Lipids and Proteins
26
What are the functions of the cell membrane
Functions of the Plasma Membrane (Cell Membrane)
1. Communication
2. Intercellular connection
3. Physical barrier
4. Selective permeability
27
Three lipids in the cell membrane
1. Phospholipids
2. Cholesterol
3. Glycolipids
28
What lipid makes up most of the lipids in the cell
Phospholipid
29
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
1. Regulates the movements of most substances in and out of the cell
2. Made of lipids and proteins
3. Small and nonpolar substances able to penetrate without assistance through the lipids
4. Larger and polar substances require specific protein passageways
30
1. Regulates the movements of most substances in and out of the cell
2. Made of lipids and proteins
3. Small and nonpolar substances able to penetrate without assistance through the lipids
4. Larger and polar substances require specific protein passageways
Cell membrane (plasma membrane)
31
What are the 3 components of a phospholipid
Glycerol, 2 fatty acids, phosphate group
32
What are the number of layers of phospholipids in the cell membrane
phospholipid bilayer ( Meaning There are 2 layers)
polar regions (head) face outside and inside of the cell
nonpolar regions (tails) face each other (form internal core of the membrane)
33
Part of the phospholipids that are FACING each other
Nonpolar regions (Tails)
34
Part of the phospholipids that are attracted to water
Head! Polar (Charged) Hydrophilic
35
Part of the phospholipids that are repelled from water
Tail! Non polar(Uncharged) Hydrophobic
36
What is the term meaning being attracted to water
Hydrophilic (polar) - Charged
37
What lipid of the cell membrane helps keep it together
Cholesterol
38
Membrane lipid with extensions that project toward the extracellular surface
Glycolipids
39
what are the TWO types of proteins in the cell membrane
integral, peripheral
40
The proteins in the cell membrane are distinguished by what?
one goes all the way through cell membrane and the other sits on the inside or outside of the cell membrane
41
The glycolipids and and glycoprotein are called what?
glycocalyx
42
A function of the glycocalyx is what?
recognition
43
Membrane protein that expands the whole membrane
Integral
also called
Transmembrane protein
44
what happens to a red blood cell if it's put into a hypotonic solution?
It will Lyse (Burst)
45
What are the functions of cell membrane proteins
Transport: proteins provide a means of regulating the movement of substances across the plasma membrane. Different types of transport proteins include channels, carriers, pumps, symporters, and antiporters
Cell surface receptors: bind specific molecules called ligands. Ligands are molecules that bind to macromolecules (e.g., binding to a receptor).
An example of a ligand is a neurotransmitter released from a nerve cell that binds to the cell surface receptor of a muscle cell to initiate contraction.
Identity markers: communicate to other cells that they belong to the body. Cells of the immune system use identity markers to distinguish normal, healthy cells from foreign, damaged, or infected cells that are to be destroyed.
Enzymes :may be attached to either the internal or the external surface of a cell for catalyzing chemical reactions.
Anchoring sites: secure the cytoskeleton (the internal, protein support of a cell) to the plasma membrane.
Cell-adhesion: proteins are for cell-to-cell attachments. Proteins that form membrane junctions perform a number of functions, including binding cells to one another.
46
What are TWO types of membrane transport
Active Transport and Passive Transport
47
What distinguishes the two types of membrane transport
```
Active Transport (requires ATP)
Active transport (requires ATP since it is moving Against (up) concentration gradient
A molecule moves from a lower concentration of the molecule to a higher concentration of the molecule
```
```
Passive transport (Does Not require ATP)
Passive transport (does not require) energy, since it is moving (down) the concentration gradient
A molecule moves from a Higher concentration of the molecule to a lower concentration of a molecule
```
48
What is the end result of diffusion
Diffusion is the result of a concentration gradient. When there is a higher concentration of a substance on one side of a barrier than on the other side, the molecules move across the barrier to try and establish equilibrium. This process is diffusion. Diffusion of water is specifically called osmosis. While diffusion occurs in living things, equilibrium is never reached. In an organism, equilibrium is the result of death.
Diffusion will occur until two areas have reached equal concentrations
49
________ transport REQUIRES ATP. _________ transport DOES NOT REQUIRE ATP
Active, Passive
50
Transport Proteins
Channels, Carriers, Pumps for ions to cross membrane.
51
Cell Surface Receptors
Bind ligands (first messengers).
52
Molecules released from one cell that bind to receptors(!) within the plasma membrane of another cell. Neurotransmitters and hormones.
Ligands
53
Proteins or glycoproteins that communicate to other cells that they belong to the body. Used to distinguish healthy cells from foreign or damaged cells that need to be destroyed.
Identity Markers
54
Attach to internal or external surface of the cell for catalyzing chemical reactions.
Enzymes
55
Proteins that secure the cytoskeletons to plasma membranes.
Anchoring sites
56
Cell-cell attachments
cell-adhesion attachments
57
Cell-cell attachments
cell-adhesion proteins
58
Why must energy be used in active transport
Active transport mechanisms require the use of the cell’s energy, usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). If a substance must move into the cell against its concentration gradient, that is, if the concentration of the substance inside the cell must be greater than its concentration in the extracellular fluid, the cell must use energy to MOVE the substance. Some active transport mechanisms move small-molecular weight material, such as ions, through the membrane.
59
What are factors influencing diffusion rate and explain how each one influences diffusion rate
***"Environmental conditions " affecting rate of diffusion
“Steepness” of concentration gradient
measure of the difference in concentration between two areas
steeper gradient with a faster rate of diffusion
***"Temperature" Affecting rate of diffusion
reflects random movement
higher movement with higher temperature
results in faster rate of diffusion
60
Factors affecting rate of diffusion (ALSO)
Factors that affect the rate of diffusion –
Size of molecule – the smaller the molecules, the faster the rate of diffusion. Relationship is inversely proportional.
Temperature – higher temperature meant more kinetic energy, so faster rate of diffusion. Relationship is directly proportional.
Concentration gradient – the greater the difference in concentration of molecules, the faster the rate. Relationship is directly proportional.
Distance – the shorter the distance that the molecules will have to travel, the faster the rate of diffusion. Relationship is inversely proportional.
Surface area – the greater the surface area of the cell, the faster the rate. Relationship is directly proportional.
61
Differences between active and passive transport
Passive transport moves substances down a concentration gradient with no energy use by the cell.
Active transport requires energy use by the cell to move substances against the concentration gradient
62
Identify how ATP is involved in maintaining the sodium and potassium gradients across a cell membrane.
ATP provides the energy that drives the sodium-potassium pump, which pumps NA+ out of the cell and K+ into the cell
63
When sodium moves by passive transport, explain the determining factor in which direction it will go
Passive transport means it does not require energy. Therefore, substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. They do not require energy because they are staying within the concentration gradient.
64
During diffusion, molecules tend to move in what direction?
How would sodium move in this case?
From an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Sodium would move...Passive transport means it does not require energy. Therefore, substances move from areas of high concentration to low concentration. They do not require energy because they are staying within the concentration gradient.
65
What are the types of passive transport?
| For each one listed we know they move from a
Diffusion (including Simple Diffusion)
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
66
What are the types of passive transport?
| For each one listed we know they move from a Higher concentration to a Lower concentration
Diffusion (including Simple Diffusion)
Facilitated Diffusion
Osmosis
67
Molecules that move via simple diffusion
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
68
Sodium
sodium ions (Na+) are highly concentrated outside of cells, these electrolytes are charged and cannot pass through the nonpolar lipid bilayer of the membrane. Their diffusion is facilitated by membrane proteins that form sodium channels (or “pores”), so that Na+ ions can move down their concentration gradient from outside the cells to inside the cells.
69
Why must molecules use facilitated diffusion VS. simple diffusion
Simple Diffusion:
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
Versus:
Facilitated Diffusion
is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity but do so down their concentration gradients
70
Simple Diffusion Versus Facilitated diffusion
Simple Diffusion= No transport protein required
Facilitated Diffusion=Transport protein required
71
When sodium moves by active transport, explain the determining factor in which direction it will go
Low Concentration to High concentration
72
Molecules that move via simple diffusion
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
respiratory gases (O2 and CO2),
small fatty acids,
ethanol, and urea (a nitrogenous waste produced from amino acids).
73
Molecules that move via simple diffusion
respiratory gases (O2 and CO2),
small fatty acids,
ethanol, and urea (a nitrogenous waste produced from amino acids).
74
Types of facilitated diffusion
Channel-mediated diffusion: Ions (e.g., Na+, K+) move through specific water-filled protein channels.
Carrier-mediated diffusion: Small, polar molecules (e.g., glucose) are transported by protein carriers.
75
Molecules that move via osmosis
Water through aquaporins which are protein channels for water to enter the cell through plasma membrane.
76
Molecules that move via facilitated diffusion
Large molecules or small (charged) polar molecules
77
Why must molecules use facilitated diffusion VS. simple diffusion
Simple Diffusion:
The structure of the lipid bilayer allows small, uncharged substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide, and hydrophobic molecules such as lipids, to pass through the cell membrane, down their concentration gradient, by simple diffusion.
Versus:
Facilitated Diffusion
is the diffusion process used for those substances that cannot cross the lipid bilayer due to their size, charge, and/or polarity but do so down their concentration gradients
Reason Why: molecule size and if they are charged or not
78
Which of the following moves more passively INTO a cell
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium
sodium,chloride,calcium
79
Which of the following moves more passively OUT of a cell
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium
potassium
80
Which of the following moves more actively INTO a cell
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium
potassium
81
Which of the following moves more actively OUT of a cell
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium
sodium, chloride, calcium
82
Molecules that move by channel mediated diffusion
Sodium, chloride, calcium, potassium
83
Types of protein used channel mediated facilitated diffusion
water-filled protein channels
84
What type of diffusion is osmosis
Diffusion of water
The type of diffusion that osmosis is would be facilitated diffusion because Water is POLAR and anything small or polar has to go through facilitated difussion
85
what determines which direction water moves
movement occurs in response to a difference in relative concentration of water on either side of a membrane.
Water always move from a larger concentration to a lower concentration
86
Which of the following moves more passively OUT of a cell
| Sodium, potassium, chloride, or calcium
potassium ( Because potassium concentration id higher inside the cell than out of the cell, so it will passively move out of the cell towards the lower concentration
87
Where is the primary location in the cell membrane where osmosis occurs
semipermeable (or selectively permeable) membrane
Two ways water crosses membrane
MOST: through phospholipid bilayer
through integral protein water channels
termed aquaporins
Osmosis occurs in cells across the plasma membrane, which is permeable to water but non-permeable to most solutes. Water always moves across the plasma membrane from an area of high water concentration to an area of low water concentration until equilibrium is reached
88
If these solutions 5 moles\liter and 10 moles\liter were om either side of a membrane that only allowed water to cross, which way would water move?
If a water gradient exists, water moves by osmosis from where it is more concentrated (side B) to where it is less concentrated (side A) until equilibrium is reached. Osmotic pressure is the pressure exerted by this movement of water.
Note: That water moves toward the solution with the lower water concentration (stated another way, water moves toward the solution with the greater solute concentration).
89
Movement of which of the following will result in more negative charges INSIDE the cell?
Sodium in, potassium in, chloride in, calcium in
Chloride in (It's the only negatively charged ion; Chloride = Cl- going in the cell will result in more negative charges in the cell)
90
Movement of which of the following will result in more negative charges OUTSIDE the cell?
Sodium in, potassium in, chloride in, calcium in
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium in (They are positively charged, so when they go in the cell, the inside now has more positive charges and the outside of the cell has more negative charges)
91
Movement of which of the following will result in more negative charges INSIDE the cell?
Sodium out, Potassium out, chloride out, calcium out
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium out (positively charges ions leaving the cell will result in the ell having more negative charges)
92
Movement of which of the following will result in more negative charges OUTSIDE the cell?
Sodium out, Potassium out, chloride out, calcium out
Chloride out (neagtive ion going outside of the cell results in more negative charges outside of the cell)
93
What would cause a cell to lose water
Hypertonic Solution
94
What would cause a cell to gain water
Hypotonic Solution
95
What type of diffusion is osmosis
Diffusion of water (passive transport)
96
Active Transport
There are three main types of Active Transport:
| The Sodium-Potassium pump, Exocytosis, and Endocytosis.
97
What distinguished the types of active transport
their specific energy source
98
Describe the process of phosphorylation
Primary active transport uses energy derived directly from the breakdown of ATP. This breakdown also provides the phosphate group that is added to the membrane transport pump, resulting in a change in the protein’s shape and the subsequent movement of a solute across the membrane. The addition of the phosphate to a protein is called phosphorylation
Phosphorylation makes the pump change shape, re-orienting itself so it opens towards the extracellular space. In this conformation, the pump no longer likes to bind to sodium ions (has a low affinity for them), so the three sodium ions are released outside the cell.
Phosphate group from ATP added to membrane protein to change its shape
99
Describe ion pumps and its functions
Cellular protein pumps that move ions across the membrane are more specifically called ion pumps. Ion pumps are a major factor in a cell’s ability to maintain its internal concentrations of ions.
Ca2+ pumps embedded in the plasma membranes of erythrocytes move calcium out of the erythrocyte to prevent it from becoming rigid due to the accumulation of calcium.
H+ pumps are another type of transport protein that function in maintaining cellular pH
The sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump is a special type of ion pump. It is specifically called an exchange pump because it moves one type of ion into a cell against its concentration gradient, while moving another type of ion out of the cell against its concentration gradient. (You may find it helpful to think of the Na+/K+ pump as a “dual pump” because it moves two different ions against their respective concentration gradients.) The plasma membrane preserves steep concentration gradient differences for these ions by continuously exporting Na+ out of the cell and moving K+ into the cell.
100
Describe ion pumps and its functions
Cellular protein pumps that move ions across the membrane are more specifically called ion pumps. Ion pumps are a major factor in a cell’s ability to maintain its internal concentrations of ions.
Ca2+ pumps embedded in the plasma membranes of erythrocytes move calcium out of the erythrocyte to prevent it from becoming rigid due to the accumulation of calcium.
H+ pumps are another type of transport protein that function in maintaining cellular pH
The sodium-potassium (Na+/K+) pump is a special type of ion pump. It is specifically called an exchange pump because it moves one type of ion into a cell against its concentration gradient, while moving another type of ion out of the cell against its concentration gradient. (You may find it helpful to think of the Na+/K+ pump as a “dual pump” because it moves two different ions against their respective concentration gradients.) The plasma membrane preserves steep concentration gradient differences for these ions by continuously exporting Na+ out of the cell and moving K+ into the cell.
Ion pumps:
Move ions actively
Help cell maintain internal ion concentration
Example: Ca2+ pumps in red blood cell
101
Necessary item for the NA\K pump to function
The cell must expend ATP to maintain the levels of these ions on each side of the membrane. The Na+/K+ pump is also called a sodium-potassium ATPase because the protein pump is an enzyme that splits ATP to power the pump.
102
What represents the force to hold back water movement
Hydrostatic Pressure (Osmotic Pressure)
One way to stop osmosis is to increase the hydrostatic pressure on the solution side of the membrane; this ultimately squeezes the solvent molecules closer together, increasing their “escaping tendency.”
103
What is the energy molecule used in the NA\K pump
ATP
| For every ATP molecule that the pump uses, three sodium ions are exported and two potassium ions are imported;
104
What influences osmotic pressure
Difference in solution
105
A cell has a glucose concentration of 100 mg\dl. An experiment was conducted with this cell to determine osmosis. This experiment was designed that only water could cross the cell membrane. What would happen to cell relative to osmosis if placed into the following solutions?
A. A solution that has a glucose concentration of 100 mg\dl
B. A solution that has a glucose concentration of 300 mg\dl.
C. A solution that has a glucose concentration of 50 mg\dl
A. Isotonic: No net movement (Because amounts are equal)
B. Hypotonic: (Because of lower concentration of solutes and higher concentration of water.
C. Hyperonic:(Because of a a higher concentration of solutes and lower concentration of water)
Isotonic( No change to cell)
Hypotonic ( The cell would Lysis (Burst)
Hypertonic (The cell would Crenation (shrink)
106
What term would describe each of the solutions in the problem above A,B and C?
A. Isotonic( No change to cell)
B. Hypotonic ( The cell would Lysis (Burst)
C. Hypertonic (The cell would Crenation (shrink)
107
Note:
Gases such as Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide (CO2) can pass freely through the cell membrane. Small polar molecules such as water of H2O can pass but very slowly. They are usually assisted through facilitated diffusion such as with osmosis.
108
Relate Osmolality Why is this relationship important?
Osmolality: a measure of the total solute concentration per kilogram of solvent or water
Osmolality: measurement of the amount of solute mixed per volume of solvent
109
Note:
Hypotonic (definition): low solute, high solvent
Isotonic (definition): equal solute and solvent ratio
Hypertonic (definition): high solute, low solvent
110
Relate Osmolality of the blood with IV Fluids. Why is this relationship important?
Osmolality: a measure of the total solute concentration per kilogram of solvent or water
Osmolality: measurement of the amount of solute mixed per volume of solvent
Lower osmolality is <275 mmol/kg and means blood is hypotonic
Higher osmolality is >295 mmol/kg and means blood is hypertonic
111
Direction of sodium and potassium movement by passive transport (in\out) of cell
Sodium (Higher Concentration) = Outside
moves passively inside of the cell to reach a lower concentration
Potassium (Higher Concentration) =Inside
moves passively outside the cell to reach a lower concentration
112
Direction of sodium and potassium movement by active transport (in\out) of cell
Sodium (Higher Concentration) = Outside
Moves actively outside of cell to reach a Higher concentration
Potassium (Higher Concentration) =Inside
Moves actively inside the cell to reach a higher concentration
113
Directions of sodium and potassium movement through the sodium\potassium pump
Three Na+ pumped out for two K+ pumped in
Maintains steep membrane gradient of Na+ and K+
Na higher out
K higher in
Requires ATP
114
Movement: Sodium into a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Passive
| Membrane potential=
115
Movement: Sodium out of a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Active
| Membrane potential=
116
Movement: Potassium into a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Active
| Membrane potential=
117
Movement: Potassium out of a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Passive
| Membrane potential=
118
Movement: Chloride into a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Passive
| Membrane potential=
119
Movement: Chloride out of a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Active
| Membrane potential=
120
Movement: calcium into a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Passive
| Membrane potential=
121
Movement: Calcium out of a cell
Type of transport ____________
Change in membrane potential (increase or decrease)
Transport= Active
| Membrane potential=
122
Location of energy used in secondary active transport
```
Uses energy (ATP) indirectly
Uses energy provided by movement of second substance with its gradient (example: sodium)
```
123
Energy molecule used in secondary active transport
Secondary active transport , created by primary active transport, is the transport of a solute in the direction of its electrochemical gradient and does not directly require ATP.
124
Note: The steps of the NA\K pump
The sodium-potassium pump moves K+ into the cell while moving Na+ at a ratio of three Na+ for every two K+ ions .
When the sodium-potassium- ATPase enzyme points into the cell, it has a high affinity for sodium ions and binds three of them, hydrolyzing ATP and changing shape.
As the enzyme changes shape, it reorients itself towards the outside of the cell, and the three sodium ions are released.
The enzyme’s new shape allows two potassium to bind and the phosphate group to detach, and the carrier protein repositions itself towards the interior of the cell.
The enzyme changes shape again, releasing the potassium ions into the cell.
After potassium is released into the cell, the enzyme binds three sodium ions, which starts the process over again.
125
Location of energy used in secondary active transport
```
Uses energy (ATP) indirectly
Uses energy provided by movement of second substance with its gradient (example: sodium)
```
***Energy source from movement of another substance***
126
Energy molecule used in secondary active transport
Secondary active transport , created by primary active transport, is the transport of a solute in the direction of its electrochemical gradient and does not directly require ATP.
While secondary active transport consumes ATP to generate the gradient down which a molecule is moved, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane.
Unlike in primary active transport, in secondary active transport, ATP is not directly coupled to the molecule of interest. Instead, another molecule is moved up its concentration gradient , which generates an electrochemical gradient. The molecule of interest is then transported down the electrochemical gradient. While this process still consumes ATP to generate that gradient, the energy is not directly used to move the molecule across the membrane, hence it is known as secondary active transport. Both antiporters and symporters are used in secondary active transport.
127
What is necessary for secondary active transport to occur
not sure
Symport (Cotransport)
Antiport (Countertransport)
128
Types of secondary transport
Symport (Cotransport)
Antiport (Countertransport)
129
What are the differences between the two types of secondary active transport
Symport (Cotransport): Two substances moved in the same direction
Antiport (Countertransport): Two substances moved in the opposite direction
130
What transport type uses small vesicles
Vesicular Transport
131
What are two examples of the transport that uses small vesicles and direction and movement of each
Exocytosis
vesicle fuses with membrane
releases substances outside the cell
(Vesicle releasing its contents from a cell)
Endocytosis
vesicle encloses material outside cell
fuses with membrane to release inside cell
(Vesicle is formed as material is brought into a cell)
132
What is necessary for Vesicular transport
Requires vesicles
Requires energy to transport vesicles
133
The membrane bound organelles
Membrane-bound organelles:
nucleus
endoplasmic reticulum
golgi apparatus
lysosome
peroxisomes
mitochondria
134
The non membrane bound organelles
```
Ribosomes
Cytoskeleton
Centrosomes
Cilia and flagella
Microvilli
Microtubules
Basal bodies
Microfilaments
```
135
What transport type uses small vesicles
Vesicular Transport also known as bulk transport
136
The membrane bound organelles
Membrane-bound intracellular organelles include
endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria
137
The largest organelle
Nucleus
138
This organelle contains the DNA
Nucleus
139
This organelle contain chromosomes
Nucleus chromosomes are found on DNA
140
What is necessary for secondary active transport to occur
not sure
Symport (Cotransport)
Antiport (Countertransport)
Primary Active Transport
Direct use of ATP to move substances. Ion pumps, like the Potassium-Sodium pump.
Secondary Active Transport
Indirect use of ATP to move substances across a membrane. For example, the potassium-sodium pump moves ions so there might be room for a glucose molecule to hitch a ride on sodium that otherwise wouldn't be able to get into that cell if the ATP didn't make room for it.
141
This organelle controls structure and functions of the cell
Nucleus (DNA)- controls structure and functions of the cell
142
This organelle is adjacent to the nucleus
Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER)
143
The non membrane bound organelles
Non-membrane-bound organelles are composed of either protein alone or protein and RNA. They include:
ribosomes, centrosome, proteasomes, and the cytoskeleton.
144
This organelle contains the DNA
Nucleus (Mitochondria)
145
Vesicular transport (Extra Information)
Vesiclular Transport
Sometimes substances are transported via vesicles. Just like it sounds, they are enclosed in a membrane-bound sac that can cross the plasma membrane. Used for larger substances. It fuses to the membrane and uses exocytosis or endocytosis depending on which direction the materials are going. It fuses to the membrane and releases the substances to the inside(endocytosis) or the outside(exocytosis).
146
What is the central portion of the nucleus
nucleolus
147
The membrane of the nucleus
Nuclear Envelope
148
Holes in the membrane of the nucleus
Nuclear pore
149
The only example of this cell membrane extension is the tail of a sperm
Flagella
150
A cell that is anucleate
red blood cell (Erthrocyte)
151
What is the term for no nuclei
Erthrocyte
152
A cell that is multinucleate
eukaryotic cells
153
Two organelles that have cisternae
Golgi Apparatus
154
Functions of each type of endoplasmic reticulum
The rough ER:
Synthesis: Synthesizes proteins fro secretion, incorporation into the plasma membrane, and as enzymes within lysosomes
Processing molecules: Modifies proteins( for example adds carbohydrates to from glycoprotein, tags for shipping), and stores proteins
Organelle Formation: Helps forms perioxisomes
Vesicle Formation: Forms transport vesicles for shipping of proteins to Golgi apparatus
Smooth ER:
Synthesis: Site of lipid( For example: steroid) synthesis
Processing molecules:Carbohydrate metabolism(For example: Glycogen Synthesis)
Detoxification: Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Vesicle Formation: Forms transport vesicles for shipping to Golgi apparatus
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Two types of endoplasmic reticulum, what distinguishes each
The rough ER
| The smooth ER
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These two organelles digest\destroy items
Lysosomes
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Two types of endoplasmic reticulum, what distinguishes each
The rough ER
The smooth ER
The rough ER is composed of membranes with ribosomes attached to their cytoplasmic surface. It is readily distinguishable from the even-surfaced, interconnected tubules of the smooth ER, which lacks associated ribosomes. However, the two are continuous.
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) synthesizes- proteins
Smooth ER synthesizes- Lipids
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The contents of the nucleus
nucleoplasm
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These two organelles digest\destroy items
Lysosomes
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The larger of these two structures: Endoplasmic reticulum or Golgi complex
Endoplasmic Reticulum
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The fluid of the cell
Cytoplasm
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What are items contained in this fluid of the cell
Some of the most important organelles that cytoplasm contains are the ribosomes, mitochondria, proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and the the Golgi apparatus
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What is the term for no nuclei
Anucleate- No nuclei: mature red blood cells
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What is the term for many nuclei
multinucleate
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The only example of this cell membrane extension is the tail of a sperm
Flagellum
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What are items contained in this fluid Cytoplasm of the cell
Some of the most important organelles that cytoplasm contains are the ribosomes, mitochondria, proteins, the endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and the the Golgi apparatus
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Enclosed spaces of organelles
cisternae
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2 general types of organelles, types based on this
membrane-bound organelles and non-membrane-bound organelles. Membrane-bound organelles, or membranous organelles, are enclosed by a membrane similar to the plasma membrane. The membrane separates the organelle’s contents from the cytosol so that the specific activities of the organelle can proceed without disruption from other cellular activities. Membrane-bound organelles include the endoplasmic reticulum (rough and smooth), Golgi apparatus, lysosomes, peroxisomes, and mitochondria . Vesicles are temporary membrane-bound structures formed from the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and plasma membrane.
The non-membrane-bound organelles, or nonmembranous organelles, are not enclosed within a membrane. These structures are generally composed of protein and include ribosomes (either attached [bound] to the external surface of the endoplasmic reticulum or free within the cytosol), the centrosome, proteasomes, and the cytoskeleton.
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What organelle produces enzymes to destroy items
Lysosomes also digest molecular structures of damaged organelles in a similar fashion; this process is specifically called autophagy (= to eat). When a cell is damaged or dies, enzymes from its lysosomes are eventually released into the cytosol, resulting in the rapid digestion of the molecular components of the cell itself. This process is called autolysis
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What organelle uses oxygen and catalase to destroy items
Peroxisomes
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These two organelles digest\destroy items
lysosomes and peroxisomes
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ATP Abbreviation
Adenosine Triphosphate
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The only example of this cell membrane extension is the tail of a sperm
Flagella
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The fluid of the cell
cytosol or intracellular fluid
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What are items contained in this fluid Cytoplasm of the cell
inclusions, organelles
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The intracellular structures that are permanent in the cell, each with specific functions
Organelles
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The intracellular structures that are not essential and temporary, generally for storage
inclusions
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Location of ribosomes (names of each one)
They are situated in the cytosol, some bound and free-floating to the membrane of the coarse endoplasmic reticulum.
Assembled in the Cytoplasm
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3 proteins of the cystoskeleton (List in order from largest to smallest)
1. microtubules
2. intermediate filaments
3. microfilaments
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Functions of each of the 3 proteins of the cytosckeleton
Microtubules:
Function to:
maintain cell shape
organize and move organelles
form components of cilia and flagella
participate in cellular vesicle transport
separate chromosomes during cell division
Intermediate filaments:
intermediate in size relative to the microfilaments and microtubules, with a diameter between 8 and 12 nanometers. These less flexible proteins extend across the inside of the cell and function as rigid rods to both support the cell and stabilize junctions between them
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Functions of microfilaments:
help maintain cell shape
form internal support of microvilli
separate two cells during cytokinesis
facilitate cytoplasmic streaming
participate in muscle contraction
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What protein of the cytoskeleton radiates from the centrosome
Microtubules of the cytoskeleton
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3 projections of the cell membrane
microvilli, cilia, and flagella
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orientation of the two centrioles in a pair
right angles
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What is the function of ATP
Energy
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Location of ribosomes (names of each one)
They are situated in the cytosol, some bound and free-floating to the membrane of the coarse endoplasmic reticulum.
free
fixed
Assembled in the Cytoplasm
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Function of ribosomes
Protein Synthesis:
1. Bound ribosomes synthesize proteins destined to be incorporated into the plasma membrane, exported from the cell, or housed within lysosomes
2.Free ribosomes synthesize proteins for use within the cell
Function= Protein Synthesis
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Two organelles that have cisternae
ER and golgi apparatus
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This forms the brush border of the intestines
microvilli
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Cell membrane projections that can create own movement
cilia and flagella
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Cell membrane projection that cannot create own movement
microvilli
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Cell membrane projection that moves objects across the cell surface
cilia
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Cell membrane projection that increases surface area
flagella
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Material that makes up the nucleus
DNA, nucleoplasm
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Types of intercellular junctions
tight, adhering, desmososomes, and gap
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Location of intercellular junctions
lateral surfaces
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This intercellular junction keeps materials from passing in between cells
tight junctions
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This intercellular junction helps transmit electrical impulses from one heart muscle cell to the next
gap junctions
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Functional unit of the body
The cell
