Chapter 4 Connective Tissues Flashcards
1
Q
What is the most abundant and widely distributed of the primary tissues?
A
Connective tissue
2
Q
What are the four main classes of connective tissue?
A
Connective tissue proper
Cartilage
Bone
Blood
3
Q
What are the subclasses of connective tissue proper?
A
- Loose connective tissue (includes Areolar, Adipose, Reticular)
- Dense connective tissue (includes Regular, Irregular, Elastic)
4
Q
What are the cells associated with loose connective tissue?
A
Fibroblasts
Fibrocytes
Defense cells
Adipocytes
5
Q
Which subclass of connective tissue proper has a gel-like substance in its matrix?
A
Loose connective tissue
6
Q
What are the fiber types found in loose connective tissue?
A
Collagen
Reticular
Elastic
7
Q
What are the six different types of connective tissue proper which vary in density and types of fibers?
A
Areolar Adipose Reticular Dense regular Dense irregular Dense elastic
8
Q
What are the subclasses of Cartilage?
A
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
9
Q
What are the cells associated with cartilage?
A
Chondroblasts found in growing cartilage
Chondrocytes
10
Q
What type of matrix does Cartilage have?
A
Gel-like ground substance
11
Q
What types of fibers are found in Cartilage?
A
Collagen
Elastic fibers in some
12
Q
Cartilage resists compression because of the large amounts of ___ held in the ___.
A
water, matrix
13
Q
What are the subclasses of Bone?
A
Compact bone
Spongey bone
14
Q
What cells are associated with bone?
A
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
15
Q
What type of matrix does bone have?
A
Gel-like ground substance calcified with inorganic salts
16
Q
What type of fibers does bone have?
A
Collagen
17
Q
What cells are associated with blood?
A
Erythrocytes (RBC)
Leukocytes (WBC)
Platelets
18
Q
What is contained in blood’s matrix?
A
Plasma, with no fibers
19
Q
Connective tissue is not composed mainly of cells but instead, largely nonliving ___ ___ separates cells.
A
extracellular matrix
20
Q
What are the 3 structural elements of connective tissue?
A
Ground substance
Fibers
Cells
Composition varies depending on connective tissue
21
Q
What is unstructured material that fills space between cells
A
Ground substance
22
Q
Ground substance is a medium through which solutes ___ between blood capillaries and cells
A
diffuse
23
Q
What are the components of ground substance?
A
- Interstitial fluid
- Cell adhesion proteins (“glue”)
- Proteoglycans
24
Q
What are proteoglycans?
A
Protein core + large polysaccharides (chrondroitin sulfate and hyaluronic acid)
25
What do proteoglygans do?
Trap water in varying amounts, affecting viscosity of ground substance
26
What are the three types of fibers that provide support in connective tissue?
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
27
Connective tissue fiber which is the strongest and most abundant type. Tough; provides high tensile strength
Collagen
28
Connective tissue fiber which has networks of long, thin, elastin fibers that allow for stretch and recoil
Elastic fibers
29
Connective tissue fiber which has short, fine, highly branched collagenous fibers (different chemistry and form than collagen fibers)
Branch, forming networks that offer more "give"
Reticular
30
What type of cell is in an immature form; mitotically active, and secrete ground substance and fibers?
Blast cells
31
Blast cell associated with Connective tissue proper?
Fibroblasts
32
Blast cell associated with Cartilage?
Chondroblasts
33
Blast cell associated with Bone
Osteoblasts
34
Cells found in hematopoietic stem cells in bone marrow
Blast cells
35
Mature form, maintain matrix
-cyte cells i.e. Chondrocytes in cartilage
36
Other cells types in connective tissue include:
- Fat cells
- WBC
- Mast cells
- Macophages
37
Which loose connective tissue supports and binds other tissues; is the universal packing material between other tissues?
Areolar connective tissue
38
Areolar connective tissue is the most widely distributed, provides reservoir of ___ and ___, defends against infection, stores nutrients as fat, and when inflamed soaks up fluid which is called ___
water, salts
| edema
39
What fiber types does Areolar connective tissue have/
All three:
Collagen
Elastic
Reticular
40
What cells are found in Areolar connective tissue?
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Mast cells
- Some WBCs
41
Which loose connective tissue is white fat, similar to areolar but has greater nutrient fat storage?
Adipose tissue
42
What is adipose tissue's cells?
Adipocyte; stores nutrients
43
What type of matrix does adipose tissue have?
Scanty matrix
44
Adipose tissue is ___ vascularized.
richly
45
Adipose tissue as brown fat uses lipid fuels to heat ____ instead of producing ATP.
Bloodstream
46
Which loose connective tissue resembles areolar but fibers are a network of reticular fibers?
Reticular connective tissue
47
Reticular connective tissue's fibroblasts are called
reticular cells
48
Reticular connective tissue supports free blood cells in ___ ___, the ___, and bone marrow
lymph nodes, spleen,
49
Connective tissue proper tissue which is closely packed bundles of collagen fibers running parallel to direction of pull
Dense regular connective tissue
50
Dense regular connective tissues parallel running collagen fibers are ___ structures with ___ ___ to pulling. Fibers are slightly ____ to allow for some stretch.
white, great resistance, wavy
51
Dense regular connective tissue's fibroblasts manufacture
fibers and ground substance.
52
Dense regular connective tissue has ___ cells and is ___ vascularized.
few, poorly
53
Dense regular connective tissue has parallel ___ fibers and a few ___ fibers.
Collagen, elastic
54
Dense regular connective tissue's major cell type is
Fibroblast
55
Dense irregular connective tissue have the same elements as dense regular connective tissue, but its bundles of collagen are __ and __ __ . Resists tension from many directions
thicker, irregularly arranged
56
Dense irregular connective tissue has irregularly arranged ___ fibers, some ___ fibers.
collagen, elastic
57
Elastic connective tissue is __ __ __ tissue containing a high proportion of ___ fibers
dense regular connective, elastic
58
What are the cells associated with Cartilage?
Chondroblasts, chondrocytes
59
Cartilage is tough yet flexible, lacks ___ fibers, and is up to __ % water - can rebound after compression.
nerve, 80 %
60
How does cartilage receive nutrients since it is avacular?
Nutrients from membrane surrounding it - perichondrium
61
Three types of cartilage are:
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartliage
62
Hyaline cartilage has an amorphouse but firm matrix, has ___ fibers which form an imperceptible network.
collagen
63
Chondroblasts produce the matrix and after matured (chondrocytes), lie in ___
lacunae
64
Elastic cartilage is similar to hyaline cartliage, but has more __ __ in the matrix.
elastic fibers
65
Fibrocartilage matrix is similar, but less __ than hyaline cartilage.
firm
66
In fibrocartilage, thick ___ fibers dominate
collagen
67
What is another name for bone?
Osseous tissue
68
Bone supports and protects body structures, stores __ and synthesizes __ __ in cavities.
fat, blood cells
69
True or false: Bone has more collagen than cartilage.
True
70
What maintains the matrix in bone?
Osteocytes
71
Bone is __ vascularized.
Richly
72
What is the most atypical connective tissue?
Blood, a fluid
73
What is the most common cell type found in blood?
erythrocytes (RBCs)
74
Blood's fibers are soluble proteins that ____ during blood clotting
precipitate
75
Blood's matrix has __ and __ blood cells in a fluid matrix (__).
Red, white, plasma
76
Which muscle type is the only one that voluntarily moves?
Skeletal
77
Which is the only muscle tissue that has multinucleate cells?
Skeletal
78
Which muscle tissue has intercalated discs?
Cardiac
79
Which muscle tissues are striated?
Skelatal, cardiac
80
What controlling tissue regulates and controls body functions?
Nervous tissue
81
Specialized nerve cells that generate and conduct nerve impulses
Neurons
82
Supporting cells that support, insulate, and protect neurons
Neuroglia
83
Which nerve process carry impulses away from the dendrite body?
Axons
84
Which nerve process carry impulses toward the dendrite body?
Dendrites
85
Epithelium bound to underlying connective tissue proper
Covering and lining membranes
86
Covering and lining membranes are composed of at least __ primary tissue types.
Two
87
What are the 3 types of covering and lining membranes?
Cutaneous membranes
Mucous membranes
Serous membranes
88
What covering and lining membrane makes up the skin, epidermis, dermis, and is a dry membrane?
Cutaneous membranes
89
What covering and lining membrane makes up the moist lining in all body cavities that open to the outside of the body?
Mucous membranes, also called mucosae
90
The term mucosa indicates __ __ __, NOT the cell composition
location of lining
91
Epithelial sheet lies over layer of connective tissue called __ __.
lamina propria
92
What covering and lining membrane is found in closed ventral body cavity
Serous membranes
93
Seroae is __ __ __ (mesothelium) resting on thin areolar connective tissue.
simple squamous epithelium
94
__ serosae line the internal body cavity walls.
Parietal
95
__ serosae cover internal organs
Visceral
96
Pleura line the ...?
thoracic wall and lungs
97
Pericardium lines the ...?
Heart
98
Peritoneum lines the ...?
abdominopelvic cavity
99
Tissue repair occurs in two major ways:
- Regeneration
| - Fibrosis
100
What is regeneration?
- Same kind of tissue replaces destroyed tissue
| - Original function restored
101
What is fibrosis?
- Connective tissue replaces destroyed tissue
| - Original function lost
102
Steps in tissue repair: Step 1 includes
"Imflammation sets the stage"
- Inflammatory chemicals are released
- Dilation of blood vessels
- Increase in vessel permeability
- Clotting occurs
103
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 2 includes
"Organization restores blood supply"
- The blood clot is replaced with granulation tissue
- Epithelium begins to regenerate
- Fibroblasts produce collagen fibers to bridge the gap
- Debris is phagocytized
104
Steps in Tissue Repair: Step 3 includes
"Regeneration and fibrosis"
- The scab detaches
- Fibrous tissue matures; epithelium thickens and begins to resemble adjacent tissue
- Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
105
Virtually no functional regenerative capacity for:
Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue of brain and spinal cord
106
Moderate regenerating capacity for:
Smooth muscle and dense regular connective tissue
107
Regenerates extremely well:
The rest of the tissues and bone found in the body
108
What are the primary germ layers Superficial to deep?
ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm
109
Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm are formed ___ in embryonic development and specialize to form the 4 primary tissues (nerve, muscle, connective, epithelium)
early
110
What arises from ectoderm?
Nerve tissue
111
What arises from mesoderm?
Muscle and connective tisssues
112
What arises from all three germ layers?
Epithelial tissues
