Chapter 4 - Development

Question 1

What does developmental psychology focus on?

Answer 1

The physiological, cognitive, and social changes that occur in individuals across the lifespan.

Question 2

What 5 senses are present at birth?

Answer 2

1. Sight
2. Smell
3. Sound
4. Taste
5. Touch

Question 3

What 3 reflexes are present at birth?

Answer 3

1. Grasping
2. Rooting
3. Sucking

Question 4

What is attachment?

Answer 4

Strong, emotional connection that persists over time and across circumstances.

Question 5

What experiment did Harry Harlow conduct?

Answer 5

Attachment in Rhesus Monkeys

Question 6

What experiment did Mary Ainsworth conduct?

Answer 6

Strange-situation test to determine childhood attachment types.

Question 7

What are the 4 types of childhood attachment?

Answer 7

1. Secure
2. Insecure-resistant (anxious-ambivalent)
3. Insecure-avoidant (anxious-avoidant)
4. Disorganized

Question 8

What are the 4 parenting styles?

Answer 8

1. Authoritative
2. Neglectful
3. Permissive (indulgent)
4. Authoritarian

Question 9

What are the 4 types of attachment beyond childhood?

Answer 9

1. Secure
2. Anxious-preoccupied
3. Dismissive-avoidant
4. Fearful-avoidant

Question 10

What is the best parenting style?

Answer 10

Authoritative; rules and structure (high expectations), but also highly responsive to the child.

Question 11

What theory of social development did Erik Erikson support?

Answer 11

Psychosocial Model; lifespan theory of development, in which every “stage” of identity has a challenge that must be confronted successfully to move on.

Question 12

Who founded the Psychosocial Model of Development?

Answer 12

Erik Erikson.

Question 13

Name the 2 psychologists with their 2 different theories of Cognitive Development.

Answer 13

1. Piaget; Schemas and Stage Theory

2. Vygotsky; Sociocultural

Question 14

What is Piaget’s theory of cognitive development?

Answer 14

During each stage of development, children form new schemas; ways of perceiving, organizing, and thinking about how the world works.

Question 15

Jean Piaget is known as the father of what?

Answer 15

The father of cognitive development.

Question 16

What is the constructivist theory?

Answer 16

Piaget; children actively contribute to their own learning and construct their own knowledge.

Question 17

What are the 2 key learning processes of Piaget’s theory?

Answer 17

1. Assimilation

2. Accommodation

Question 18

What is Assimilation?

Answer 18

Using preexisting schema to organize new experiences.

Question 19

What is Accommodation?

Answer 19

Adapting or expanding a schema to make sense of new experiences.

Question 20

What is Equilibration?

Answer 20

An active self-regulatory process by which a child progresses throughout the stages of development; equilibrium is reached when cognitive structures match reality.

Question 21

What are Piaget’s 4 stages of cognitive development?

Answer 21

1. Sensorimotor Stage
2. Pre-operational Stage
3. Concrete operational Stage
4. Formal operational Stage.

Question 22

What happens in the Sensorimotor Stage of development?

Answer 22

• 0-2 yrs
• info only through senses
• moving from reaction to action
• forming representations of actions on objects
• Primary, secondary, and tertiary circular reactions
• MILESTONE: object permanence

Question 23

What is object permanence and when does it develop?

Answer 23

The idea that things continue to exist even when you can no longer see them; Sensorimotor stage, 0-2 yrs.

Question 24

What happens in the Preoperational Stage of development?

Answer 24

• 2-7 yrs
• begin thinking symbolically
• no logical thinking yet; don’t understand the Law of Conservation
• Language development
• egocentric thinking

Question 25

What is the Theory of Mind?

Answer 25

The ability to attribute mental states—beliefs, intents, desires, emotions, knowledge, etc.—to oneself, and to others, and to understand that others have these states different from one's own.

Question 26

Example of a false-belief task?

Answer 26

1. Girl puts ball into basket and then leaves. 2. Boy moves ball to box. 3. When girl returns, where will she look for the ball? - If they have theory of mind, they will say she will look in the basket - lacking theory of mind, they will think she will look in the box, because thats where the ball is currently.

Question 27

What happens in the Concrete operational Stage of development?

Answer 27

- 7-11 yrs - logical thinking develops - reasoning is limited to concrete things; i.e. objects they can act on in the world - MILESTONE: succeeds in conservation tasks.

Question 28

What happens in the Formal Operational Stage of development?

Answer 28

- 11+ yrs - able to think and reason abstractly - deductive reasoning and problem solving

Question 29

What are the 2 key concepts of Vygotsky's theory of development?

Answer 29

1. Zone of proximal development | 2. Scaffolding

Question 30

What is Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory?

Answer 30

Portrayed cognitive development as a continuous process, intimately linked to the context in which the child is raised; adults are essential to promoting development.

Question 31

What is scaffolding?

Answer 31

Providing assistance to allow children to achieve more than they would be able to unassisted.

Question 32

What is the zone of proximal development?

Answer 32

Development happens most effectively when child is set to do tasks just beyond their own abilities, but that a caregiver could help move forward; small challenges, meeting in the middle of what can be done alone and with help.

Question 33

What did Lawrence Kohlberg focus on?

Answer 33

Morality; vignettes to understand how humans react to moral dilemmas, and their reasoning behind decisions.

Question 34

What is the Heinz dilemma?

Answer 34

Heinz steals an expensive drug for his dying wife as they couldn't afford it; tests human reasoning and justification. Is Heinz morally just?

Question 35

What is the high-amplitude sucking paradigm?

Answer 35

Increase in infant sucking with speech over non-speech sounds.

Question 36

What are 2 common research techniques for learning what infants know?

Answer 36

1. Preferential looking technique | 2. Habituation/ Orienting reflex

Question 37

What is habituation?

Answer 37

The diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.