Chapter 4: Discipline and Frontiers in the Agricultural Empires

Question 1

True or false: Rome is much older than its founding myths

Answer 1

True

Question 2

How was war and conquest used to solve social issues in Rome?

Answer 2

Conquest solved the conflict between patricians and plebians by giving them more land to live on and to distribute

Question 3

What is a Foederati or Socii?

Answer 3

The Roman name for a conquered state

Question 4

True or false: Rome decided on expansive citizenship and the inclusion of conquered people in the empire

Answer 4

True

Question 5

Around what time was Expansive citizenship brought about?

Answer 5

Around 300 BCE

Question 6

What is a legion?

Answer 6

a Roman military unit divided in 3-4 categories

Question 7

What military factors led to the phalanx being replaced by the Legion

Answer 7

• Shift from part-time soldiers to professionals
• military service being necessary for citizenship
• shift to a subsistence allowance being paid to permit longer campaigning

Question 8

What are the four components of a legion?

Answer 8

Velites, Hastati, Principes, and Triarii

Question 9

Who were the velites?

Answer 9

The youngest and poorest of the army, served as light skirmishers, had a shield and javelins

Question 10

Who were the Hastati and Principes?

Answer 10

Heavy infantry organized into maniples, had shields, pila, sword, helmet and breastplate

Question 11

What differentiates the hastati and principes?

Answer 11

The hastati were younger

Question 12

What is a maniple

Answer 12

means “handful” of 120 men divided into two groups of 60

Question 13

What are pila?

Answer 13

javelins

Question 14

What is a quincunx and how is it effective?

Answer 14

It’s a checkerboard arrangement of troops and the gaps allow the front row to retreat without causing confusion

Question 15

What were the steps of attacking of a legion? (4 steps)

Answer 15

1. approach and deploy into a line
2. use Pila then charge to disrupt enemy front lines
3. follow-up from principles
4. Triarii protect withdrawal if attack fails

Question 16

True or false: communities were purposely dispersed due to fears of military coups

Answer 16

True

Question 17

What were the uses of Disciplina in the Roman army? (2)

Answer 17

• a way to keep a check on over-aggressiveness
• used to build unit cohesion

Question 18

When did the Marian reforms occur?

Answer 18

150 BCE

Question 19

Who was supposedly in charge of the Marian Reforms?

Answer 19

Gaius Marius

Question 20

What were the 4 changes of the Marian Reforms?

Answer 20

1. The development of a cohort legion and a better command structure
2. The increased use of poor and landless men
3. pay and equipment becoming necessary but paid for by generals
4. Longer terms of service around the imperial period

Question 21

What was the danger of generals paying for the soldiers’ equipment and rewards?

Answer 21

The soldiers’ loyalty would be to the general and not the emperor

Question 22

True or false: giving soldiers parts of conquered land as a reward discouraged Romanization

Answer 22

False, it encouraged it

Question 23

How was Disciplina built? (3)

Answer 23

1. oaths
2. rewards
3. punishments

Question 24

What were the rewards for upholding disciplina?

Answer 24

Individual recognition or glory

Question 25

What were the types of punishments for not upholding discipline?

Answer 25

Centered on loss of status for individuals or units

Question 26

True or False: Roman punishments were systematized and brutal

Answer 26

True

Question 27

True or False: punishments became less centered on obedience as poorer men entered the army

Answer 27

False

Question 28

True or false: outsiders observed how vigorous Roman army training was

Answer 28

True

Question 29

True or False: rigorous and frequent training was used to keep Roman soldiers busy

Answer 29

True

Question 30

True or False: the legion system was adapted to solve the problems of being in a large agricultural empire

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What are Limes

Answer 31

empire borders

Question 32

Around what time did Roman expansion begin to halt and what did focus shift to?

Answer 32

100s CE, campaigns focused on settling or modifying mostly fixed frontiers

Question 33

What does "economy of force" mean?

Answer 33

a way of saving forces/efforts in one place where they're not needed and using them somewhere they are more urgently needed

Question 34

What factors can explain Roman effectiveness and expansion over a long period of time? (3)

Answer 34

- Sociocultural values centered on military virtue and aggressiveness - the inclusion of subject/conquered peoples into the empire - the adaptation of the legion and its tactical flexibility and discipline

Question 35

Fortifications of Roman limes were a response to the empire's internal requirements, what were they? (2)

Answer 35

- the need for stables frontiers and internal security