Chapter 4: Endocrine Responses to Resistance Exercise

Question 1

Objectives:
1. Understand basic concepts of endocrinology.
2. Explain the physiological roles of anabolic hormones.
3. Describe hormonal responses to resistance exercise.
4. Discuss how training programs can affect endocrine responses.

Question 2

Section Outline:
1. Synthesis, Storage, and Secretion of Hormones

Question 3

The endicrine system can be ____ with ___ to enhance the development of target tissues; improving performance.

Answer 3

Manipulated
Resistance trainig
target tissues

Question 4

Roles of Hormones:

Answer 4

Reproduction
energy production
growth and development
homeostasis

Question 5

What is the Endocrine System?

Answer 5

Supports the normal homeostatic function of the human body and aids in response to external stimuli

Question 6

What are hormones? Where are they stored?

Answer 6

Chemical messengers that are synthesized, stored, and released into the body by endocrine glands (as well as other types of cells)

Question 7

How do Endocrine glads work?

Answer 7

They release hormones into the blood.
Hormones interact with the receptors, (peptide) or in the nucleus (thyroid/steriods)

Question 8

What are the 3 ways hormones can be released?

Answer 8

Enocrine Glands, Autocrine and Paracrine

Question 9

Autocrine mechanism

Answer 9

Cell releases hormone inside of itself
(IGF-I)

Question 10

Paracrine mechanisms

Answer 10

Hormone acts on adjacent cells (no need for
circulation)

Question 11

What do Binding proteins do?

Answer 11

Extends life of hormones
Store, protect
Hormones are inactive when bound.

Question 12

Muscle Remodeling

Answer 12

Damage of muscle fibers, (heads of myosin ripped of)
Inflammatory response releases hormonal interactions
Uses new protiens to rebuild

Increase in protein synthesis and decrease in degradation are first steps in muscle growth

increases in contractile proteins (actin + Myosin)

Question 13

Hormones are intimately involved with ___ and —— mechanisms

Answer 13

protein synthesis; degradation

Question 14

Anabolic hormones

Answer 14

promote tissue building
insulin, insulin-like growth factor, testosterone, growth hormone

Question 15

Catabolic hormones

Answer 15

attempt to degrade cell proteins to support glucose synthesis
cortisol, progesterone

Question 16

Long-term heavy resistance training —> enhanced __, ___, and __ of trained musculature

Answer 16

size; strength; power

Question 17

…………………

Answer 17

……………

Question 18

Singal from hormone is relayed only to cells that express a specific____

Answer 18

Hormone receptor

Question 19

Diffrenet types/forms of receptors

Answer 19

Moblie—
Integrated—
Regulatory—

Question 20

Lock and Key Theory

Cross reactivity
Allosteric Binding

Answer 20

A specific hormone will on fit a specific receptor

Cross reactivity—A given receptor partially reacts with a hormone not specifically designed for it (The key will fit but won’t turn)

Allosteric Binding—Substances other than hormones can bind receptors and cause events

Question 21

Downregaulation

what are reasons for downregulation?

Answer 21

Inability for a hormone to interact with its receptor
1. Can’t bind as easy—Sentitivity
2. reduced # of receptors

causes:
1. Gentetic max
2. Drug use
3. Exercise mistakes—Not taking breaks

Question 22

Steriod Hormones

Answer 22

Sythenesized from cholesterol
hormones from adrenal cortex + gonads
passivley diffuses through fat—no memberane
Bind with receptor to form homrmone receptor complex (H-RC)

Question 23

What are the 3 primary Anabolic Hormones?

Answer 23

Testosterone
Growth Hormones
Insulin-like Growth Factors

Question 24

Testosterone

Answer 24

Secretion and circulation
–From testes/overies & Adrenal
–98% Circulating Testosterone binds to SHBG (binding protien) or Albumin (blood protien)

Bodily effects

Responses to Exercise

Question 25

What is a androgen hormone?

Answer 25

Masculinizing; Testosterone

Question 26

Free Testosterone Hyposthesis

Answer 26

only free (**unbound; ~2%**) testosterone can exert effects on target tissues —Promotes **GH** response (pituitary) – Interacts with neuronal receptors, increasing amounts of **neurotransmitters** –Crosses sarcolemma (no membrane receptor needed) and binds to **nuclear androgen receptor** – Complex binds to DNA and stimulates **transcription** (i.e., protein synthesis) ## Footnote you only need the free testosterone (less than 2%) to effect tissues Stimulation protien syntheisis

Question 27

What are the ergogenic effects of testosterone?

Answer 27

1. Increases lean muscle mass through Increased protien synthesis (bigger muscles) 2. Increase blood cell formation (too much = clot) 3. Increases glycogen storage 4. Increases lipolysis (fat breakdown) ## Footnote 3. testosterone increases hemoglobin (more oxgy)

Question 28

What is the optomal time for rest?

Answer 28

60 secs

Question 29

Testosterone lvl. When highest in men?

Answer 29

in the morning

Question 30

What is another name for growth hormone?

Answer 30

somatotropin looks like a wad of gum

Question 31

what type of hormone is growth hormone and how is it secreted?

Answer 31

Polypetide; Anterior pituitary gland.

Question 32

What family is the GH from?

Answer 32

protien family

Question 33

growth hormone Interacts --- with target tissues, which include bone, immune cells, skeletal muscle, fat cells, and liver tissue

Answer 33

directly

Question 34

growth hormone is regulated by ---- mechanisms (i.e., involves the hypothalamus) and mediated by -----

Answer 34

neuroendocrine feedback; secondary hormones

Question 35

What are the GH effects on muscle tissue?

Answer 35

1) **Enhances amino acid uptake** and protein synthesis  results in hypertrophy of Type I and II muscle fibers (**Anabolic--IGF-1**) 2) Decreases glucose utilization and glycogen formation – Increases breakdown and utilization of fats 3) Increases collagen synthesis 4) Stimulates cartilage growth

Question 36

GH Secretion varies according to ---, with highest levels observed at --

Answer 36

time of day; night

Question 37

-GH released in -- episodes – Exercise increases -- of bursts

Answer 37

pulsatile; number

Question 38

Women have --- blood levels of GH than do men

Answer 38

higher

Question 39

IGF-1

Answer 39

Insulin-Like Growth Factors; 70-AA polypetide super anabolic

Question 40

what stimulates stimulates liver cell DNA to synthesize IGFs. How?

Answer 40

GH; IGF travels in blood through binding protiens (IGFBP) (could take a day to do it)

Question 41

..................

Question 42

The more muscle fibers recruited for an exercise, the greater the extent of _____ – Only activated muscle fibers are subject to ___

Answer 42

potential remodeling; adaptation

Question 43

how to Increasing testosterone

Answer 43

increaese anobolic response; 1. Large muscle group exercises 2. Heavy resistance 3. Moderate to high volume (5-10 RM sets) (till failure) 4. Short rest intervals (30-60s)

Question 44

How to increases GH

Answer 44

1. Intesnse anerobic work outs with high lactate 2. High intesnisty with short rest (no more than a minute)

Question 45

Aderanal Hormones

Answer 45

1. High volume, 2. Large Muscles 3. Short rest 4. Rest intervals 5. DON'T OVER TRAIN

Question 46

DONE :)