Chapter 4: Ethical Guidelines For Psychology Research Flashcards
(90 cards)
1
Q
What are the three kinds of ethical violation categories?
A
- Harmed
- Not Treated Respectfully
- Targeting a disadvantaged social group
2
Q
What were the two sources of ethical concern for Milgrams study?
A
- The study itself was extremely stressful to the participant teachers.
- The lasting effects of the study
L> participants may have been dramatically affected by learning that they were willing to harm another human being…simply bc an authority told them to.
3
Q
What does the term debriefed mean?
A
- an interview after the study ; participants are carefully informed about the study’s TRUE INTENTION, details, and hypotheses…..
- **In the case of Milgrams study they were also introduced to the unharmed learner.
4
Q
As researchers we must balance the potential ____ against the _______ we can gain.
A
- risks to the participants
- value of the knowledge
5
Q
In 1976 a commission of physicians, ethicists, philosophers, scientists and other citizens gathered at the Belmont Conference Centre in Eldridge for what purpose????
A
- an intensive discussion of basic ethical principles that researchers should follow as they conduct research with human participants..
6
Q
The Belmont Party was partially called in response to what??
A
- the Tuskegee Syphilis
- the details of medical experiments conducted on concentration camp victims in Nazi-occupied Europe revealed during the Nuremburg Trials.
7
Q
After the Four day conference at the Belmont Conference centre what was decided upon?(3)
A
- Belmont Report L> Three Guidelines: 1. Respect for persons 2. Beneficence 3. Justice
8
Q
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L> First provision ?
L> Applying the first principle what does this mean participants are entitled to?
A
- individuals participating in research should be treated autonomously. aka they should be able to decide if they want to stay/leave the study at any time.
L> Applying this principle means they are entitled to an Informed Consent.
9
Q
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L>What is coercion?
A
- it occurs when researchers explicitly or implicitly suggest that participants who do not participate will suffer a negative consequences.
L> undue influence can occur when incentives are to attractive to refuse participation.
10
Q
Belmont Report:
1. Respect for Persons
L> explain another provision?
(hint: elderly, children)
A
- some people are entitled to special protection
L> may not be able to give informed consent to participate in research bc they may not understand the procedures well enough to make an informed choice.
11
Q
In a brief summary explain what the Belmont Report Suggests under the principle of respect for persons?
A
- people should have autonomy to decide freely whether they wish to participate…after receiving adequate info about the risks and benefits of the study.
12
Q
Belmont Report:
2. The Principle of Beneficence ?
L> how do researchers conform to this? (brief description)
A
-they must take precautions to protect participants from harm and to ensure their wellbeing
-they must assess the risks and benefits if the research they plan to conduct.
L>that applies to assessing the participants as well.
13
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- today researchers may not withhold what? (think of the Tuskegee Syphilis study)
A
- cannot withhold treatments that are known to be beneficial to study participants.
14
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- this principle demands that researchers consider?
- some institutions may ask what of researchers for a reference point?
A
- the stresses and benefits before beginning a study..
- they may be asked by some institutions to estimate how stressful a study’s situation is compared with normal stresses of everyday life as a reference point.
15
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Beneficence ?
- predicting the risks and benefits does not only extend to the participants but also to whom?
A
- the larger community !
16
Q
Belmont Report:
3. The Principle of Justice?
L> what does it require?
A
- requires a fair balance between the ppl who participate in research and the ppl who benefit from it.
17
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- Researchers must first ensure what when applying the principle of justice?
A
- ensure that the participants are representative of the types of people who will also benefit from the researches results.
18
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- explain “bear the burden” in regards to this principle.
A
- this would be coined when a research study finds out that a procedure is risky or harmful…the participants bear the burden of the risks while those not in the study are able to benefit from the study.
19
Q
Belmont Report:
- The Principle of Justice?
- How did Tuskegee Syphilis experiment violate this?
A
- they only had a research sample containing poor african american men BUT in reality Syphilis is not secluded to them…it can infect anyone regardless of race or status therefore the participants were subject to bear an undue burden of risk.
20
Q
In addition to consulting the Belmont Report, policies of the local institution, and federal laws, psychologists may also consult another layer of ethical principles and standards written specifically for them called what?
A
- Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2012)
21
Q
Why did the APA decide to develop its own ethical principles and standards?
A
- so psychologists would have a set of guidelines for three of their common roles: research scientist, professor /educator and as practitioners.
22
Q
What are the five general ethical principles from the APA?
L> any similar to the Belmont Report?
A
- Beneficence and nonmaleficence
- Fidelity and Responsibility
- Integrity
- Justice
- Respect for people’s rights and dignity
- 1 is similar to Beneficence
- 4 is similar to the Justice principle of Belmont
- 5 is similar to respect for persons principle
23
Q
APA Five General ethical principles:
1. Beneficence and nonmaleficence ?
A
- treat ppl in ways that benefit them. Do not cause suffering. Conduct research that will benefit society.
24
Q
APA Five General ethical principles:
2. Fidelity and Responsibility?
A
- Establish relationships of trust, accept responsibility for professional behaviour ( in research, teaching and clinical practice)
25
APA Five General ethical principles:
| 3. Integrity?
3. Strive to be accurate, truthful and honest in one's role as a researcher, teacher or practitioner
26
APA Five General ethical principles:
| 4. Justice?
4. Strive to trate all groups of people fairly. Sample research participants from the same populations that will benefit from the research. Be aware of biases.
27
APA Five General ethical principles:
| 5. Respect for people's rights and dignity?
5. Recognize that ppl are autonomous agents. Protect their rights including their right to privacy, the right to give consent for treatment or research and the right to have participation treated confidentially. Understand that some populations may be less able to give consent and take precautions against coercing such ppl.
28
The APA general standards are meant to not only protect ____ but also ___ in psychology classes and clients of ____.
- research participants
- students
- psychologists
29
In addition to the five general ethical principles the APA also lists what?
L> they are similar to what?
- 10 specific ethical standards
| L> Enforceable laws or rules
30
Those that violate the APA's specific ethical standards could what?
- lose their professional license or be disciplined in other ways
31
Out of the 10 specific ethical standards what one is most relevant to research methods?
- Ethical Standard 8
| L> it is specifically written for psychologists in their roles as researchers.
32
What are the 15 ethical standards under the APA's ethical Standard 8?
8. 01: Institutional Approval
8. 02: Informed consent to research
8. 03: Informed consent for Recording images and voices
8. 04: Client/Patient, Student and Subordinate Research participants
8. 05: Dispensing with informed consent for research
8. 06: Offering Inducements for Research participation
8. 07: Deception in Research
8. 08: Debriefing
8. 09: Humane care and use of Animals in Research
8. 10: Reporting Research Results
8. 11: Plagiarism
8. 12: Publication Credit
8. 13: Duplicate Publication of Data
8. 14: Sharing Research Data for Verification
8. 15: Reviewers
33
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards? (IRB)L> The APA requires psychologists to comply to with?
- their local IRB.
34
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| L> What is an IRB?
- a committee responsible for ensuring that research on humans is done ethically.
L> In the US they are mandated by federal laws.
35
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| - when are institutions given a designated IRB?
- if they are conducting research with federal money.
36
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| - In the US how is the IRB made up?
- it must include at least 5 people
- one must be a scientist
- one must have academic interests outside of sciences
- one must be a member of the community with no ties to the institution
37
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| - When the IRB discusses a proposal to use prison participants at least one of the group members must be?
- recruited as a designated prisoner advocate
38
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| - what goes on at an IRB meeting?
- review proposals
39
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| L> Researchers must do what for the IRB before conducting a study?
- fl out a detailed application describing their study, risks, benefits, procedures for consent, provisions for protecting private and how long the data will be stored.
40
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
- In most institutions studies that pose potential risks to humans or that involves vulnerable populations must be reviewed how?
- in person IRB meeting
41
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| -In many cases the IRB's oversight offers what?
- neutral, multi perspective judgment on each study's ethicality..
42
Standard 8.01: Institutional Review Boards?
| - An effective IRB should not what?
- prevent controversial but still ethical research from being conducted.
L> The IRB ideally tries to balance the welfare of research participants against the researchers goal of contributing to important knowledge of a field.
43
Standard 8.02: Informed Consent
| -It is the researchers obligation to do what for potential participants of a study?
-explain the study in everyday language and to give them a chance to decide whether they want to participate or not.
44
Standard 8.02: Informed Consent
- In most cases how is an informed consent obtained?
L> how many are signed per person?
- via providing a written document that outlines the procedures, risks, and benefits of the research including a statement about any treatments that are experimental.
L> participants sign two copies. one for themselves and one for the researcher.
45
Standard 8.02: Informed Consent
| L> Under Standard 8.05 what does it state regarding the IC? (3)
-8.05= Dispensing with IC for research
L>one may not need it if the study is not likely to cause harm and if it takes place in an educational setting.
L> Also may not be needed when participants are answering a completely anonymous questionnaire.
L> when it involves a neutralistic observation of participants in low risk public settings
46
Standard 8.02: Informed Consent
| -Whether participants get an IC or not, researchers are always ethically obligated to do what?
- inform participants of their rights and of their participation in a research study.
47
Standard 8.02: Informed Consent
| -Informed Consents always involve what?
- informing ppl whether the data they provide will be treated as private and confidential.
L> Nonconfidential may put some ppl at risk
L> if data are to be treated as confidential researchers agree to remove names and identifiers form the data that people provide.
48
Standard 8.07: Deception
| -what is deception?
- when researchers withheld some detail of the study from participants (deception via omission) and in some cases they actively lie to them ( deception via commission)
49
Standard 8.07: Deception
| - why is deception sometimes needed?
-necessary in order to obtain meaningful data
50
Standard 8.07: Deception
| - what does the APA say about using deception?
- it should be a last resort for a research design and participants MUST be debriefed
51
Standard 8.08: Debriefing
| -what exactly is this?
- when one uses deception in a study they must debrief the participants.
L> this is done in a structured conversation in which they describe the nature of the deception and why it was needed. They explain the importance of the research and attempt to restore an honest relationship.
52
Standard 8.08: Debriefing
- Do non deceptive studies have a debriefing?(1)
L>goal?(2)
- some do yes.
L> goal: make participation worthwhile educational experience so ppl can learn of the research process in general.
L> also allows sharing of results to participant.
53
Standard 8.09: Animal Research
| -APA states what?
-animals must be treated humanely, must use as few as possible, research must be valuable enough the justify the use of them.
54
Standard 8.09: Animal Research
| -Psychologists must also follow ___laws and __laws in addition to the ethical guidelines from the APA.
- federal and local
55
The Animal Welfare Act (AWA) mandates what?
- that each institution where animal research is occurring must have a local board called the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee ( IACUC)
56
Describe who makes up the IACUC!
- veterinarian
- practicing scientist familiar with animal use/care
- member of the community thats unrelated
57
The IACUC requires psychologists to submit what?
- protocol on how the animals will be used, what will happen to each one, what researchers plan to do to minimize stress on the animals and if and how they will be euthanized at the end of the study.
58
After approving a study the IACUC monitors the care and treatment of animals throughout the study and visits every__.
6 months
59
The IACUC goes by resources provided by the what?
Guide for the care and use of laboratory animals ( National Research Council)
60
What are the three R's from the Animal Care Guidelines?
- replacement
- refinement
- reduction
61
Animal Care Guidelines: Three R's
| 1. Replacement
1. researchers should find alternatives to animals in research when necessary
62
Animal Care Guidelines: Three R's
| 2. Refinement
2. one must modify experimental procedures and other aspects of animal care to minimize or eliminate animal distress
63
Animal Care Guidelines: Three R's
| 3. Reduction
3. should adopt experimental design and procedures that require the fewest animal subjects as possible
64
The Guide for the care and use of Laboratory Animals provides guidelines for what? (3)
- housing facilities, diet and other specifics of animal care
65
Do the majority of students and psychologists support the use of animals in research?
L>exception?
YES
| L> however some students report being unsure if animals are treated humanely
66
Plous and Herzog (2000) reported what on animal use attitudes?
- most people supported extending the AWA's protections to laboratory mice, rats and birds.
67
Since the mid 1970's in the US what in regards to animal use in labs occurred.
- activists group increased in visibility and some took more extreme position arguing for animal rights rather than animal welfare.
68
People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA) and other groups both mainstream and marginal, violent and nonviolent have tried to do what?
- discover and expose animal cruelty in labs
69
Animal activist groups have two main arguments. What are they?
1.believe that animals are just as likely as humans to experience suffering.
L> they believe humans should not be elevated above other animals.
L> therefore they should be saved from harmful research just as we are.
2. some believe that animals have inherent value and rights = to humans.
L> argue that animals are treated as resources to be used and discarded.
70
Members of Animal Activist groups might be ___ active, ___ and sincerely devoted to the ___ of animals.
politically
vociferous
- protection
71
- Herzog (1993) did a survey of activist groups and found that:
Members of animal activist groups tend to be well educated or not well educated?
well
72
Plous (1998) found what about animal activist groups?
- most animal right activists were open to compromise to a respectful dialogue with animal researchers.
73
Animal Researchers defend their use of animals with how many arguments?
- 3
74
Animal Researchers Arguments:
| 1. What is the central argument?
1. animal research has lead to benefits to humans and other animals alike.
75
Animal Researchers Arguments:
What is the second argument?
(hint think about harm)
2. supporters of animal research argue that researchers are sensitive to animal welfare. They think of the pain and suffering of animals in their study and take steps to avoid/reduce it.
76
Animal Researchers Arguments:
- what is the third argument?
(think of reduce?)
3. researchers have successfully reduced the number of animals they need to use, bc they have developed new procedures that do not require animal testing.
77
Research Misconduct huh?(general relation to other psychologists and research itself)
- psychologists are expected to treat one another and the research process with respect
78
APA Standard 8.10:
| - how many forms of research misconduct are there? What are they?
- three
1. data fabrication
2. data falsification
3. plagiarism
79
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
| 1. Data Fabrication
1. occurs when instead of recording what really happened in study, researchers invent data that fits their Hypotheses.
80
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
| 2. Data Falsification?
2. occurs when researchers influence the studys results perhaps by deleting observations from a data set or by influencing their research subjects to act in the hypothesized way.
81
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
| - Aside from these being unethical it also impedes what?
- progression of science
82
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
| -When scientists fabricate data they do what to others?
- mislead them about the true state of support for a theory ..which can cause other scientists to spend time on following a promising lead but its actually falsified.
83
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
| - what are some reasons one might falsify or fabricate data?
- professors reputation, income and promotions are based on their publications and impact on a field.
- scientists may be so sure of their hypothesis and believe any data not in support of it must be inaccurate
84
APA Standard 8.10 Data Fabrication and Falsification:
-If a scientist is reported...they are reported to their ___. If the research is federally funded suspected misconduct can be reported to the _____ which is a branch of the Dpt of Health and Human Services which then has the obligation to investigate.
- institution
| - Office of Research Integrity
85
APA Standard 8.11: Plagiarism
| -what is it?
- representing the ideas or words of others as ones own.
86
APA Standard 8.11: Plagiarism
| - how does one avoid this?
- cite sources.
87
APA Standard 8.11: Plagiarism
| -Psychologists usually follow what format for giving appropriate credit to someone in their work?
- Publication Manual of the APA (2010)
88
APA Standard 8.11: Plagiarism
- Publication Manual of the APA
L> when a writer describes or paraphrases anthers ideas how do they cite?
L> When quoting/closely paraphrasing anthers ideas they must do what to cite?
L> what does the writer provide in their paper on a page?
L> cite the authors last name and year of publication
L> quotation marks around the quoted text and indicate the page number where it appeared in the original work.
L> full citation is provided in the references section go the publication for every work quoted or paraphrased.
89
By following ethical principles researchers make what more likely?
- their work will benefit and be appreciated by the general public.
90
What are the 10 ethical codes?(Nuremberg trial)
1. Voluntary Consent
2. For the good of society
3. Results justify the purpose
4. Avoid physical and mental suffering
5. Cannot do if death or disability are a possible result
6. Amount of risk proportional to benefit
7. Adequate facilities to protect participants
8. Researchers are skilled scientists
9. Participants can always end an experiment
10. Scientists will end experiment if it becomes dangerous
