Chapter 4- Functional Anatomy Of Rokaryotic And Eukaryotic Cells Flashcards

(38 cards)

1
Q

Glycocalyx

A

meaning sugar coat

substances that surround cells

Sticky glue surrounding eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells -the glue that hold the cells in place

external to the cell wall and composed of polysaccharide, polypeptie or both

also can protect a cell against dehydration and its viscosity may inhibit movement of nutrients out of the cell

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2
Q

Prokaryotes

A

-make up a vast group of unicellular organisms that include bacteria and archaea -the majority are bacteria -typically DNA is not enclosed w in a membrane & is usually a singular, circularly arranged chromosome -DNA not associated w his tones -generally lack organelles such as nuclei mitochondria and chloroplasts -their cell walls almost always contain the complex polysaccharide peptidoglycan -usually divide by binary fission

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3
Q

Binary fission

A

Where DNA is copied, & the cell splits into 2 cells

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4
Q

Eukaryotes

A

-DNA is found in the cells nucleus-which is separated from the cytoplasm by a nuclear membrane and the DNA is found in multiple chromosomes -the DNA is consistently associated e chromosomal proteins called histones and w non histones -have a # of membrane enclosed organelle, including mitochondria endoplasmic reticulum, golgi complex, lysosomes and sometimes chloroplasts - their cell walls, when present r chemically simple -cell % usually involves mitosis- the 2 cells produced are identical to each other

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5
Q

Coccus plural:cocci

A

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

Spherical Meaning:berries Usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side; when they % to reproduce the cells can remain attached to one another

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6
Q

Bacillus plural:bacilli

A

Rod shaped Meaning:little rods or walking sticks

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7
Q

Spiral

A

Spiral

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8
Q

Diplococci

A

Cocci that remain in pairs after % are called diplococci

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

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9
Q

Streptococci

A

Cocci that % and remain in chainlike patterns

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

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10
Q

Tetrads

A

Cocci that % in 2 planes and Remain in groups of 4

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

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11
Q

Sarcinae

A

Cocci that % in 3 planes and remain attached in cubelike groups of 8

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

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12
Q

Staphylococci

A

Cocci that % in multiple planes and for grape like clusters or broad sheets

bacterial cells shape-usually round but can b oval, elongated or flattened on the side

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13
Q

single bacilli

A

appear as single rods

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14
Q

diplobacilli

A

appear in pairs after division

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15
Q

streptobacilli

A

occur in chains

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16
Q

coccobacilli

A

are oval and lloo so much like cocci that they are called coccobacilli

17
Q

bacillus

A

refers to a bacterial shape// but when capitalized and italicized it refers to a specific genus

bacillus cells often form long, twiste chains of cells

18
Q

vibrios

A

bacteria that look like curved rods

19
Q

spirilla

singular- spirillum

A

have a helical shape, like a corkscrew and fairly rigid bodies

move by flagella- propeler like appendages

20
Q

spirochetes

A

spirals are helical and flexible

they move by axial filaments- which resemble flagella but are contained w in a flexible exernal sheath

21
Q

the shape of bacterium

A

is determined by heredity

22
Q

monomorphic

A

genetically most bacteria are..

they maintain a single shape; environmental condtions can alter shape though

23
Q

pleomorphic

A

bacteria w many shapes not just 1

24
Q

capsule

A

if the glycocalyx substance is organized and is firmly attached to the cell wall

can b determined by using negative staining-halo

capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria from phagocytosis by the cells of the host

25
slime layer
if the glycocalyx substance is unorganozed and only loosly attatched to the cell wall
26
bacterial virulence
the degree to which a pathogen causes disease
27
extracellular polymeric substance (EPS)
a glycocalyx that helps cells in a biofilm attatch to their target environment and to eachother protects the cells w in it, facilitactes communication among them and enables the cells to survive by attatching to various surfaces in their natural environment
28
flagella (has 3 basic parts) singular-flagellum
some prokaryotic cells have long filaments appendages that propel bacteria 3 basic parts: filament, hook, basal body
29
atrichous | (without projections)
bacteria that lack flagella
30
peritrichous flagella may be...^
distributed over the entire cell
31
polar flagella is..^ can also be monotrichous or lophotrichous or amphitrichous
polar: at one or both poles/ends of the cell monotrichious: a single flagellum at one pole lophotrichous: a tuft of flagella coming from one pole amphitricious: flagella at both poles of the cell
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motility
the ability of an organism to move by itself enables a bacterium to move toward a favorable environment or away from an adverse one
34
run or swim
the movement...when bacteriam moves in one direction for a length of time
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tumble
periodic, abrupt random changes in direction of bacterium movement caused by a reversal of flagellar rotation
37
swarm
bacterium show rapid wavelike movement across a solid culture medium
38
taxis chemotaxis phototaxis
movement of a bacterium toward or away from a particular stimulus chemotaxis: stimuli include chemicals phototaxis: stimuli inclide light