Chapter 4 - Genes, Evolution, and Behaviour

Question 1

Evolution

Answer 1

Change in heritable traits in a population over time

Question 2

Behaviour

Answer 2

An organism’s actions in response to some stimulus

Question 3

Gene

Answer 3

Basic unit of heredity. How stuff is passed on from parent to offspring

Question 4

Genotype

Answer 4

A person’s specific genetic makeup

Question 5

Multiple genes for eye colour would be an example of a..

Answer 5

Genotype

Question 6

Phenotype

Answer 6

Observable characteristics

Question 7

Height, tanning, and a person’s accent would be examples of a..

Answer 7

Phenotype

Question 8

Person 1: __ chromosomes
Person 2: __ chromosomes
You: __ chromosomes
_______ of chromosomes
X X
A _____ on _____ chromosome

Answer 8

23
23
46
One pair
Gene, each

Question 9

What else do genes do?

Answer 9

They Code for the production of Proteins

Question 10

What will happen if a gene in a pair is Dominant?

Answer 10

The characteristic it controls will be displayed

Question 11

What will happen if a gene in a pair is recessive?

Answer 11

The characteristic will not show up unless the partner gene is also recessive

Question 12

Allele

Answer 12

Alternative form of a gene

Question 13

Epigenetics

Answer 13

Lasting changes in gene expression during development that are not caused by the genes themselves

Some internal effect can change your genes

Question 14

If you inherited a _______ allele from your father, you have the..

Answer 14

Wild type
the Original (unmutated) version of the gene (e.g. brown eyes)

Question 15

If you inherited a _____ allele from your mother, you have the..

Answer 15

Mutant
Modified version of the gene (e.g. blue eyes)

Question 16

Recombinant DNA Procedures

Answer 16

• Use enzymes to cut DNA into pieces
• Combine with DNA of another organism
• Insert combined DNA into host cell

Question 17

Gene Knockout Procedure

Answer 17

Alter a specific gene so it cannot function

Question 18

Problems with Gene Knockout Procedure

Answer 18

• Few behaviours linked to single genes
• Multiple genes and systems can be involved

Question 19

Behaviour Genetics

Answer 19

The study of how genetic and environmental components lead to changes in behaviour
• CRISPR
• Recombinant DNA & Gene Knockout procedures

Question 20

Adoption Studies

Answer 20

• Start with a person who was adopted at a young age
• Compare characteristic(s) with both biological and adoptive parents

Question 21

Twin Studies

Answer 21

• Monozygotic and dizygotic twins share differing amounts of genetic material

• Hard to tell environmental effects from genetic effects (same environment)

Question 22

Heredity of Intelligence

Answer 22

If intelligence is genetically determined, people with the same genes would have equal IQs

• In reality, genes account for 50 - 70%

Question 23

Reaction Range

Answer 23

Range of possibilities that genetic code allows
• Inherit range for potential expression
• Environmental effects determine where person falls within these limits

Question 24

Personality Traits

Answer 24

• The “big five”
  • Extraversion - Introversion
  • Agreeableness (cooperative & helpful vs. unhelpful)
  • Conscientiousness (responsible and dependable vs. irresponsible & undependable)
  • Neuroticism (anxious & emotionally unstable vs. calmness)
  • Openness (to new experiences vs. being disinterested)

Question 25

Social Adaptations in Humans

Answer 25

• Innate ability to acquire language • Responsiveness to human faces • Group-seeking behavior • Some universal emotions (e.g. smiling = happiness)

Question 26

Evolutionary Personality Theory

Answer 26

Limited dimensions to personality. • These dimensions are universal • Extraversion, emotional stability (neuroticism)... • Exist because they facilitate core behaviours • E.g., survival, reproduction

Question 27

Openness helps with..

Answer 27

Problem solving and looking at problems creatively

Question 28

Conscientiousness and agreeableness help with..

Answer 28

Reproduction and care of children

Question 29

5 questions we ask ourselves (consciously or unconsciously) when we interact with someone

Answer 29

1. Is Person X ACTIVE and DOMINANT or PASSIVE and SUBMISSIVE? Can I dominate Person X or will I have to submit to him? 2. Is X AGREEABLE and FRIENDLY, or HOSTILE and UNCOOPERATIVE? 3. Can I count on X? Is X CONSCIENTIOUS and DEPENDABLE? 4. Is X SANE or CRAZY 5. How SMART is X, and how quickly can he learn and adapt?

Question 30

Parental Investment

Answer 30

Time, effort, energy, risk associated with caring successfully for each offspring • Humans invest a lot in a small number of offspring

Question 31

Cooperation

Answer 31

One individual helps another and gains some advantage

Question 32

Altruism

Answer 32

One individual helps another but there are costs involved

Question 33

What does Kin Selection Theory and Reciprocal __ Theory stem from?

Answer 33

Altruism

Question 34

Kin Selection Theory

Answer 34

Arose to increase likelihood of relatives surviving

Question 35

What should we see if the Kin Selection Theory is true?

Answer 35

POSITIVE relationship between acts of altruism and degree of relatedness

Question 36

Reciprocal Altruism Theory

Answer 36

Contributes to long-term cooperation. Why we offer assistance and do not

Question 37

If the Reciprocal Selection theory is true, then what would we see?

Answer 37

Individuals should remember how someone has and has not helped in the past • Does not require relatedness

Question 38

Why may Aggression have evolved towards?

Answer 38

• Protect one’s mate, young, territory, food • take another’s resources • gain access to new resources

Question 39

In social animals, what can individuals recognize?

Answer 39

Individuals and remember past encounters

Question 40

Important part in decreasing aggression and defending position

Answer 40

Dominance hierarchies

Question 41

Thought pitfalls in evolution

Answer 41

- Scientific issues (evidence, evolutionary psychology) - Genetic determinism (genes are invariant and there are unavoidable effects that cannot be altered; genes are our DESTINY) - Social Darwinism (top of the social ladder has the best individuals)

Question 42

Evolution is..

Answer 42

Mostly random, and does not have a plan or goal