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Anatomy & Physiology I > Chapter 4: Genetics and Cellular Function > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Genetics and Cellular Function Flashcards

1
Q

How many DNA molecules are in the nucleus?

A

46

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2
Q

Polymers of nucleotides

A

DNA & RNA

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3
Q

What does each nucleotide consist of?

A

sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

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4
Q

double ring nitrogenous base

A

purines

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5
Q

single ring nitrogenous base

A

pyrimidines

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6
Q

purine bases

A

adenine and guanine

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7
Q

pyrimidine bases

A

cytosine, thymine, and uracil

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8
Q

Awarded for the first model of the double helix

A

James Watson & Francis Crick

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9
Q

Took x-ray photos that revealed molecular geometry of DNA

A

Rosiland Franklin

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10
Q

forms a double bond

A

A&T

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11
Q

forms a triple bond

A

C&G

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12
Q

fine filamentous DNA material complexed with proteins

A

chromatin

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13
Q

sequence of DNA nucleotides that codes for one protein

A

gene

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14
Q

2 parallel filaments of identical DNA; each=sister chromatid

A

chromosome

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15
Q

the joining point of a chromosome

A

centromere

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16
Q

protein plaque where mitotic spindle connects during cell division

A

kinetochore

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17
Q

smaller cousin of DNA (fewer bases)

A

RNA

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18
Q

carries the codes for DNA from the nucleus to the ribosomes

A

mRNA

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19
Q

temporary carriers of amino acids that carry them to put together the protein

A

tRNA

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20
Q

carries out the protein synthesis within ribosomes

A

rRNA

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21
Q

the step from DNA to mRNA; occurs in nucleus

A

transcription

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22
Q

step from mRNA to protein; mostly occurs in cytoplasm

A

translation

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23
Q

binds to DNA and assembles the RNA strand

A

RNA polymerase

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24
Q

unfinished and in immature form

A

pre-mRNA

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25
Q

nonsense removed by enzymes during splicing

A

intron

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26
Q

reconnected and exit nucleus as functional mRNA

A

exons

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27
Q

a sequence of 3 nucleotides

A

codon

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28
Q

process of removing the introns

A

splicing

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29
Q

converting language of nucleotides into language of amino acids

A

translation

30
Q

copying instructions from DNA to RNA

A

transcription

31
Q

compliments the codon on the mRNA

A

anticodon

32
Q

has the anticodon on it

A

tRNA

33
Q

older proteins that pick up new proteins, guide them in folding into proper shapes

A

chaperone proteins

34
Q

proteins produced in response to stress/heat; help damaged proteins fold back into correct functional shapes

A

stress or heat-shock proteins

35
Q

enzyme that opens up the chain of DNA for DNA replication

A

helicase

36
Q

reads the RNA

A

DNA polymerase

37
Q

joins the DNA back together

A

ligase

38
Q

1st gap phase

A

G1

39
Q

growth, normal cell activity, prepares to replicate DNA

A

G1

40
Q

synthesis phase

A

S

41
Q

duplicates DNA, centrioles

A

S

42
Q

2nd gap phase

A

G2

43
Q

synthesizes enzymes that control cell division, repairs DNA replication errors

A

G2

44
Q

chromosomes condense

A

prophase

45
Q

chromosomes align at the midline and center

A

metaphase

46
Q

mitotic spindles pull sister chromosomes apart

A

anaphase

47
Q

stop moving and cells begin to split

A

telophase

48
Q

division of cytoplasm

A

cytokinesis

49
Q

image that shows a person’s complete set of chromosomes

A

karyotype

50
Q

one copy of each gene (23 unpaired)

A

haploid

51
Q

two copies of each gene (23 pairs)

A

diploid

52
Q

genetic code unique sequence of DNA

A

genotype

53
Q

observable traits of that genetic code

A

phenotype

54
Q

variation of the same gene

A

allele

55
Q

having two of the same alleles

A

homozygous

56
Q

having two different alleles

A

heterozygous

57
Q

more than 2 allelic forms for traits (ex: ABO blood type)

A

multiple alleles

58
Q

both alleles equally dominant

A

codominant

59
Q

phenotype intermediate between traits each allele would have produced alone

A

incomplete dominance

60
Q

first 22 pairs of chromosomes excluding sex chromosomes

A

autosomes

61
Q

traits carried on the X & Y chromosomes

A

sex-linked traits

62
Q

genes at two or more location or even different chromosomes contribute to single phenotypic trait (ex: skin & eye color)

A

polygenic inheritance

63
Q

one gene produces multiple phenotypic effects (ex: alkaptonuria, sickle cell disease)

A

pleiotropy

64
Q

when people exhibit the genotype

A

penetrance

65
Q

dominant gene is not expressed

A

incomplete penetrance

66
Q

uncontrolled mitosis

A

cancer

67
Q

slow growth; easy to treat

A

benign tumor

68
Q

fast growth; may metastasize

A

malignant tumor

69
Q

blood vessels grow into tumor

A

tumor angiogenesis

70
Q

accepts new amino acids

A

A site

71
Q

carries the growing chain of amino acids

A

P site

72
Q

tRNA exits here

A

E site

Anatomy & Physiology I (15 decks)

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