Chapter 4 Key Terms Flashcards
acid
substance that is able to donate a H+ (proton) and increases the concentration of H+ when it dissolves in water
activity series
list of metals in order of decreasing ease of oxidation
aqueous solutions
solution in which water is the solvent
base
substance that is an H+ acceptor; produces OH- ions when dissolved in water
chemical equilibrium
state of dynamic balance in which the rate of formation of the products of a reaction from the reactants equals the rate of formation of the reactants from the products; the concentrations of the reactants and products remain constant
complete ionic equation
chemical equation in which dissolved strong electrolytes are written as separate ions
concentration
quantity of solute present in a given quantity of solvent or solution
dilution
process of preparing a less concentrated solution from a more concentrated one by adding solvent
displacement reaction
reaction in which an ion in solution is displaced (replaced) through oxidation of an element
electrolyte
solute that produces ions in solution; an electrolytic solution conducts an electric current
equivalence point
point in a titration at which the added solute reacts completely with the solute present in the solution
exchange/metathesis reaction
reaction between compounds that when written as a molecular equation appears to involve the exchange of ions between the two reactants
molarity
concentration of a solution expressed as moles of solute per liter of solution; abbreviated M
molecular equation
chemical equation in which the formula for each substance is written without regard for whether it is an electrolyte or a nonelectrolyte
net ionic equation
chemical equation for a solution reaction in which soluble strong electrolytes are written as ions and spectator ions are omitted
neutralization reaction
reaction in which an acid and a base react in stoichiometrically equivalent amounts; the neutralization reaction between an acid and a metal hydroxide produces water and a salt
nonelectrolyte
substance that does not ionize in water and consequently dissolves to form a nonconducting solution
oxidation
A process in which a substance loses one or more electrons
oxidation number/oxidation state
A positive or negative
whole number assigned to an element in a molecule or ion on
the basis of a set of formal rules; to some degree it reflects the
positive or negative character of that atom
oxidation-reduction/redox reactions
A reaction in which electrons are transferred from one reactant to another and the oxidation states of these atoms change
precipitate
An insoluble substance that forms in, and separates from, a solution.
precipitation reaction
A reaction that occurs between substances in solution in which one of the products is insoluble.
reduction
A process in which a substance gains one or more electrons.
salt
Any ionic compound whose cation comes from a base (for example, Na+ from NaOH) and whose anion comes from an acid (for example, Cl- from HCl).
