Chapter 4 Lecture Notes Flashcards
3 forms of non verbal communication
1) facial expression of emotion
2) eye contact
3) interpersonal spacing
How can eye contact convey a person’s internal state?
lots of eye contact= friendly, good emotional state.
not much eye contact = maybe flaky/they don’t like us, maybe feeling guilty, hiding something, nervous, insecure etc.
Explain Kleinke’s study on eye contact
participants saw a video of a couple and were told that the couple was engaged.
- in one video, the actors were instructred to make a lot of eye contact with each other, and the other group was told not to make much eye contact.
- participants were aksed “how much do you think this couple likes each other? Do you think they will have a successful marriage?”
- found that a high level of eye contact= lots of love for each other and conveyed STRONG EMOTION
Generally, humans like eye contact. When is it weird? What does this convey? What happens to us?
when the eyecontact is maintained for too long and then it becomes staring. we don’t like it because it can be a sign of hostility or anger. We experience physiological arousal and fight or flight mode may kick in.
Explain the experiment by Greenbaum, who studied the effect of staring. What were the variables?
-naturalistic observation study
IV: amount of staring
DV: how fast the people left the intersection
- had a male confederate who was stopped at a red light and was instructed to stare or not stare at the driver beside him.
- people in the pushes measured the amount of time drivers left the intersection when it turned green.
- found that if the confederate stared at the drivers, they left the scene faster.
- if there was room for the drivers to creep ahead of the confederate car to avoid eye contact, they tried to move.
- findings: staring makes people aroused and agitated.
What info do we get from looking at interpersonal spacing?
the 1) status of people
2) level of intimacy
Explain the experiment of Dean et. al who studied interpersonal spacing. What scenario was an exception?
hypothesis: wanted to test the STATUS DIFFERENCE in people at the military based on their physical distance between each other
methods: had floor tiles where the soldiers and observers were (in the cafeteria) that could be used as a measurement.
findings: the greater difference in status between 2 people, the greater the physical distance between them.
exception: when it was a higher status person who initiated the interaction, higher status person interacted at whatever distance they felt like.
Therefore, it is likely that higher status people “set the stage” for interpersonal spacing.
According to Hall, people who are in intimate relationships can interact at a distance at ____ feet or less without it being weird
1.5 feet or less. That’s really close.
According to Hall, the average personal zone is :
1.5-4 feet away (friend)
anything below 1.5 feet is intimate
according to Hall, what is the “social zone”
12ft- 4ft. (ex/ talking to a teacher)
According to Hall, what is a “public zone”
12 feet-25 feet (listening to a speech, attending a concert)
cultural differences in interpersonal spacing
in latin and mediterranean cultures, distance tends to be smaller between people.
western countries (US, Britain) tend to have the furthest interpersonal spacing.
3 conclusions to Darwin’s “the expression of emotion in man and nature”
1) there is a high degree of similarity among groups of people in how they express emotion
2) continuity in the expression of emotion between animals and humans
3) expression of emotion serves as a communication function.
T/F: Darwin believed emotion was hardwired .
true. he believed that emotion was bioogical and served evolutionary purposes.
How did Paul Ekman determine the 6 basic emotions? What are they?
Studied a remote tribe in Papua New Guinea and they were able to describe the tones of the story using American faces that depicted certain emotions.
6 emotions
- happy
- sad
- angry
- disgust
- surprise
- fear
out of the 6 universal emotions, which two gets confused the most?
fear and surprise.
4 components to display rules of emotions
1) intensification: we feel more emotion on the inside than we show
2) deintensification: individuals give off the impression that the emotion they are feeling is less intense than what they’re actually feeling.
3) neutralizing: Certain situations occur where you don’t want to display any emotion at all
4) Masking: communicating an emotion that is totally different from the emotion that you are actually feeling
personal space
your preferred amount of space between you and another person.
Hayduk realized that personal space isn’t a bubble. What is the general shape of a personal area?
conical. Largest amount of space preferred around the head, and tapers at your feet.
explain the gender differences of personal space
male-male interactions have the furthest amount of space
female-female is closest
male-female is dependent on relationship.
t/f; females generally have closer personal space requirements than males
true. females will typically move into the males personal space, and the male usually won’t do anything about it. But males typically start with larger personal spaces.
3 models for personal space purposes
1) information overload model
2) stress theory model of personal space
3) PS serves as a form of non verbal communication
Explain the informational overload model. Explain the study conducted on it
the closer someone is to use, the greater the sensory info we have to process. Too close = potential sensory overload
Nesbitt studied this by comparing amusement park interactions to nature park interactions. notives that people tried to maintain greater distances in the amusement park when there were already very high levels of stimulation in order to prevent overload.
explain the stress-theory model of personal space. Explain the study conducted on it.
personal space protects us from stressors that may get triggered when someone else gets too close. Prevents us from physically feeling outcomes of aggression.
Middlemist measured the stress levels when personal space is invaded by measuring the “delayed onset of urination” in men in the washrooms when a confederate stood beside a urinal beside them instead of using a urinal further away.
- found that it took men longer to pee when the confederate was standing next to them – stress.
