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Anatomy & Physiology > Chapter 4 Metabolism & 5 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Metabolism & 5 - Tissues Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the study of tissues?

A

Histology

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2
Q

What are the four major types of tissues in the body?

A
  1. epithelial
  2. connective
  3. muscle
  4. nervous
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3
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

A

protection, secretion, absorption, excretion

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4
Q

What is the function of the connective tissue?

A

bind, support, protect, fill spaces, stores fat, produce red blood cells

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5
Q

What is the function of the muscle tissue?

A

Movement

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6
Q

What is the function of the nervous tissue?

A

Conduct impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and a sensory reception

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7
Q

Where is the location of the epithelial tissue?

A

covers body surface, cover and line internal organs, compose glands

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8
Q

Where is the location of the connective tissue?

A

widely distributed throughout the body

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9
Q

Where is the location of the muscle tissue?

A

attached to bones, in the walls of hallow internal organs, and heart

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10
Q

Where is the location of the nervous tissue?

A

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

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11
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the epithelial tissue?

A

lack of blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are packed tightly

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12
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the connective tissue?

A

mostly have good blood supply, cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with extracellular matrix in between

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13
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the muscle tissue?

A

able to contract in response to specific stimuli

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14
Q

What are the distinguishing characteristics of the nervous tissue?

A

cells communicate with each other and other body parts

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15
Q

What are the three types of intercellular junctions?

A
  1. tight junction
  2. desmosomes
  3. gap junction
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16
Q

What are the functions of the tight junction?

A

close space between cells by fusing to create a water tight seal

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17
Q

What are the functions of the gap junction?

A

pores that allow ions and chemicals to flow from one cell to another

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18
Q

What are the functions of the desmosomes juntion?

A

anchor cells together “spot welds”

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19
Q

What are the general characteristics and functions of the epithelial tissue?

A
  1. Has a free surface on outside, and a basement membrane on the inside
  2. nutrients diffuse from underlying connective tissue
  3. cells readily divide; injuries heal rapidly
  4. classified according to cell shape and number of cell layers
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20
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the simple squamous epithelium?

A
  1. single layer of this, flat cells
  2. substances pass easily through the air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  3. thin and delicate, can easily be damaged
  4. found in diffusion and filtration sites
  5. makes up walls of air sacs (alveoli) and capillaries
  6. lines blood and lymphatic
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21
Q

How are epithelial cells classified?

A

Shape:
squamous (flat)
cuboidal (cube-shaped)
columnar (tall)

Size:
Simple (1 layer)
Stratified (2 or more layers)
Pseudostratified (appears layered but is not)

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22
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the simple cuboidal epithelium?

A
  1. single layer of cube-shaped cells
  2. secretion and absorption
  3. lines kidney tubules, thyroid follicles, ducts of some glands
  4. covers ovaries
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23
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the simple columnar epithelium?

A
  1. lines digestive, uterus, and intestines
  2. single layer of elongated cells
  3. nuclei usually at the same level, near basement membrane
    4.sometimes have microvilli, cilia, goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  4. secretion and absorption
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24
Q

What are the characteristics and functions of the pseudostratified columnar epithelium?

A
  1. single layer appears layered
  2. nuclei at two or more levels
  3. cells vary in shape but all reach basement membrane
  4. often has cilia, has goblet cells (secrete mucus)
  5. protection from infection
  6. lines respiratory passage way
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25
What are the characteristics and functions of the stratified squamous epithelium?
1. many cell layers; thick 2. protective layer 3. outer most cells are squamous; deeper cells are cuboidal 4. new cell produced in deep layers; push older cell toward free surface 5. outer layer of skin, called the epidermis is keratinized 6. lines oral cavity, vagina, anal canal
26
What are the characteristics and functions of the stratified columnar epithelium?
1. several layers of cells 2. top layer of elongated cells 3. cube-shaped cells in deeper layers 4. lines part of the male urethra, ducts of exocrine glands
27
What are the characteristics and functions of the stratified cuboidal epithelium?
1. 2-3 layers of cubed shape cells 2. more protection than 1 layer 3. lines ducts of mammary, sweat, salivary glands, and pancreas
28
What is glandular epithelium?
composed of cells that produce and secrete substances into ducts or body fluids
29
What is transitional epithelium?
specialized to change in response to increase tension
30
What are two types of glandular epithelium?
endocrine and exocrine
31
How are the two types of glandular similar?
They both secrete
32
How are the two types of glandular different?
Endocrine goes into tissue Exocrine goes out of the tissue
33
What are two types of exocrine glands?
1. unicellular 2. multicellular
34
What are the structural types of exocrine glands?
Simple: duct does not branch Compound: duct branches before it reaches secretory portion Tubular: consist of epithelial-lines sacs Alveolar: terminal portions form sac-like dilations
35
Cellular respiration is an important process in the cell. Which of the following indicates the purpose of this process? a. To provide the body with carbon dioxide b. To transfer energy to ATP for cellular work c. To create enzymes in the cell d. To make cells divide
b. to transfer energy to ATP for cellular work
36
Which of the following statements describes metabolism? a. The process of breaking chemical bonds to transfer energy b. The process of making chemical bonds to transfer energy c. The process of making and breaking chemical bonds to transfer energy d. The process of absorbing energy from sunlight
c. The process of making and breaking chemical bonds to transfer energy
37
In an anabolic metabolism which of the following happens? a. Polymers are made and energy is released b. Polymers are broken and energy is released c. Polymers are made and energy is required d. Polymers are broken and energy is required
c. Polymers are made and energy is required
38
Enzymes are biological molecules that are key components of metabolism. Which of the following statements are true? a. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions b. Enzymes are consumed by the chemical reaction c. Enzymes catalyze up to 10 different reactions d. Enzymes become dormant after a reaction
a. Enzymes speed up chemical reactions
39
Energy carriers are a necessary component of metabolic pathways. What is the role of NAD+? a. Binds electrons and hydrogens to deliver them to oxidative phosphorylation b. Binds phosphate groups to power cellular work c. Catalyzes reactions in the metabolic pathway d. All of the above
a. Binds electrons and hydrogens to deliver them to oxidative phosphorylation
40
In cellular respiration where is the bulk of the ATP produced? a. Glycolysis b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Kreb's Cycle d. Pyruvate Processing
b. Oxidative Phosphorylation
41
In cellular respiration where is the oxygen required? a. Glycolosis b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Kreb's Cycle d. Pyruvate Processing
b. Oxidative Phosphorylation
42
In cellular respiration, where is the citric acid used? a. Glycolosis b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Kreb's Cycle d. Pyruvate Processing
c. Kreb's Cycle
43
In cellular respiration, which stage takes place in the cytosol? a. Glycolosis b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Kreb's Cycle d. Pyruvate Processing
a. Glycolosis
44
In cellular respiration, where is the concentration gradient formed? a. Glycolosis b. Oxidative Phosphorylation c. Kreb's Cycle d. Pyruvate Processing
b. Oxidative Phosphorylation
45
What is the role of NADH in metabolism?
transport hydrogen atoms to coenzymes
46
When NAD+ is _________ it becomes NADH. When NADH __________ it becomes NAD+.
reduced; oxidized
47
What occurs when water is lost during a reaction?
Dehydration Synthesis
48
What is it called when glucose is broken down into smaller molecules through a series of steps that involve adding and rearranging phosphate groups, generating energy in the form of ATP and NADH, and ultimately producing a net gain of ATP molecules.
Glycolysis
49
What are the steps of Glycolysis?
1. As soon as the glucose molecule enters the cytosol, a phosphate group is attached to the molecule 2. A second phosphate group is attached. Together' steps 1 and 2 cost the cell 2 ATP 3. The six carbon chain is split into two three-carbon molecules, each of which then follows the rest of this pathway. 4. As another phosphate group is attached to each molecule, and NADH is generated from NAD. 5. One ATP molecule is formed for each molecule processed 6. The atoms in each molecule are rearranged, releasing a molecule of water. 7. A second ATP molecule is formed for each molecule processed. Step 7 produces 2 ATP molecules
50
What is the sequence of steps as energy is extracted from glucose during cellular respiration
Glycolysis → Acetyl CoA → Citric Acid Cycle → Electron Transport Chain
51
What process takes place in the cytosol of a eukaryotic cell?
Glycolysis
52
Describe the citric acid cycle....
This process produces some ATP and carbon dioxide in the mitochondrion.
53
This process uses energy captured from electrons flowing to oxygen to produce most of the ATPs in cellular respiration?
Electron Transport Chain
54
Glycolysis produces how many pyruvate molecules and how many ATP molecules?
2 pyruvate molecules with a net gain of 2 ATP molecules
55
The function of the citric acid cycle is to?
Remove hydrogen atoms from organic molecules and transfer them to coenzymes
56
What needs to be present for glycolysis to proceed?
NAD, ATP, glucose, ADP
57
The carbon dioxide of respiration is formed during?
Citric Acid Cycle
58
In the citric acid cycle, a 2 carbon molecule and a 4 carbon molecule combine to produce?
Citric Acid
59
Most of the ATP from metabolism is produced in the?
Electron Transport Chain
60
The two most important coenzymes for Glycolysis and the Citric Acid cycle are?
NAD and FAD
61
Heat loss to the cooler air that moves across the body's surface is called?
convection
62
The direct transfer of heat energy from one object to another through physical contact is called?
conduction
63
The loss of heat energy by vaporizing water is called?
Evaporation
64
A way to conserve heat?
Vasoconstriction in the skin: shivering
65

Anatomy & Physiology (2 decks)

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