Chapter 4 - Nature, Nurture And Human Diversity

Question 1

Behaviour genetics

Answer 1

The study of the relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behaviour

Question 2

Environment

Answer 2

Every nongenetic influence, from prenatal nutrition to the people and things around us

Question 3

Chromosomes

Answer 3

Threadlike structures made of DNA molecules that contain the genes

Question 4

DNA

Answer 4

A complex molecule containing the genetic info that makes up chromosomes and determines inherited characteristics

Question 5

Genes

Answer 5

The biochemical United of hereditary that make up the chromosomes; segments of DNA capable of synthesizing proteins

Question 6

Genome

Answer 6

The complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in that organisms chromosome

Question 7

Identical twins

Answer 7

Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two, creating two genetically identical organisms

Question 8

Fraternal twins

Answer 8

Develop from separate fertilized eggs and by two sperm. They are genetically no closer than ordinary siblings but they share the same prenatal environment

Question 9

Temperament

Answer 9

A persons characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

Question 10

Heritability

Answer 10

The proportion of variation among individuals that we can attribute to genes

Question 11

Interaction

Answer 11

The effect of one factor (such as environment) depends on another factor (such as hereditary)

Question 12

Molecular genetics

Answer 12

The sub field of biology that studies the molecular structure and function of genes

Question 13

Evolutionary psychology

Answer 13

The study of the evolution of behaviour and the mind, using principles of natural selection

Question 14

Molecular behaviour genetics

Answer 14

The study of how the structure and function of genes interact with our environment to influence behaviour

Question 15

Epigenetics

Answer 15

The study of environmental influences on a gene expression that occur without a DNA change

Question 16

Natural selection

Answer 16

A natural process resulting in the evolution of organisms best adapted to the environment

Question 17

Mutation

Answer 17

An event that changes genetic structure. Usually a random error

Question 18

Aggression

Answer 18

Any physical or verbal behaviour intended to harm someone physically or emotionally

Question 19

Culture

Answer 19

The behaviours, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next.

Question 20

Norm

Answer 20

An understood rule for the accepted and expected behaviour

Question 21

Social script

Answer 21

Culturally modelled guide for how to act in various situations

Question 22

Individualism

Answer 22

Giving priorities to ones own goals over group goals and defining ones identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identification.

Question 23

Collectivism

Answer 23

Giving priority to the goals of ones group (family or work group) and defining ones identity accordingly

Question 24

Sex

Answer 24

In psychology, the biologically influenced characteristics by which people define males and females.

Question 25

Gender

Answer 25

In psychology, the socially influenced characteristics by which people define men and women. The properties that distinguish organisms on the basis of their reproductive role

Question 26

X chromosome

Answer 26

The sex chromosome found in both men and women. Women have two X chromosomes; males have one. An X chromosome from each parent produces a female child.

Question 27

Y chromosome

Answer 27

The sex chromosome found only in males. When paired with an X chromosome from the mother, it produces a male child.

Question 28

Relational aggression

Answer 28

An act of aggression (physical or verbal) intended to harm a persons relationship or social standing

Question 29

Testosterone

Answer 29

The most important of the male sex hormones. Both males and females have it, but the additional testosterone in males stimulates the growth of male sex organs during the fetal period, and the development of. The male sex characteristics during puberty

Question 30

Puberty

Answer 30

The period of sexual maturation, when a person becomes capable of reproducing

Question 31

Primary sex characteristics

Answer 31

The body structures (ovaries, testes, and external genitalia) that make sexual reproduction possible.

Question 32

Secondary sex characteristics

Answer 32

Non reproductive sexual traits, such as female breasts and hips, male voice quality and body hair

Question 33

Spermarche

Answer 33

First ejaculation

Question 34

Menarche

Answer 34

The first menstrual period

Question 35

Disorder of social development

Answer 35

An inherited condition that involves unusual development of sex chromosomes and anatomy

Question 36

Role

Answer 36

The actions and activities assigned to or required of expected of a person or group

Question 37

Gender role

Answer 37

A set of expected behaviours, attitudes and traits for males or for females

Question 38

Gender identity

Answer 38

Our sense of being male, female or a combo of the two

Question 39

Social learning theory

Answer 39

The theory that we learn social behaviour by observing and imitating and being rewarded or punished

Question 40

Gender typing

Answer 40

The acquisition of a traditional masculine or feminine role

Question 41

Androgyny

Answer 41

Displaying both traditional masculine and feminine psychological characteristics

Question 42

Transgender

Answer 42

An umbrella term described by people whose gender identity or expression differs from that associated with their birth sex.