Chapter 4 - Overview Of The Cell

Question 1

Somatic cells (body cells)

Answer 1

All cells in the body except gametes.
Include 3 major parts: 
1. Plasma membrane
2. Cytoplasm
3. Nucleus

Question 2

Gametes (sex cells)

Answer 2

Function only in sexual reproduction & include sperm in the male & ova in the female

Question 3

Plasma membrane (cell membrane)

Answer 3

Forms cell’s outer surface & holds cell’s inner contents intact

Question 4

Cytoplasm

Answer 4

Includes all parts of the cell between the plasma membrane & the nucleus

Question 5

Cytosol

Answer 5

Intracellular fluid between plasma membrane & the nucleus

Question 6

Inclusion

Answer 6

Variable-sized clumps of metabolic products or substances that cells can quickly convert to energy

Fat droplets, glycogen, melanin, hemoglobin

Question 7

Fat droplets

Answer 7

Consist mainly of triglycerides & may occupy up to 95% of the cytosol in adipocytes

Question 8

Adipocytes

Answer 8

Fat-storing cells abundant beneath the skin where they cushion & help insulate the body

Question 9

Glycogen

Answer 9

Polymer of glucose molecules & is the body’s principal carbohydrate reserve

Question 10

Glycogen granules

Answer 10

Inclusion of glycogen that liver & muscle cells store large amounts of

Question 11

Melanin

Answer 11

Dark pigment that is responsible for most variations in skin & hair color

Question 12

Hemoglobin

Answer 12

Oxygen-carrying compound that is responsible for the color of red blood cells

Question 13

Cytoskeleton

Answer 13

Vast network of interlocking filamentous proteins

Consists of 3 types of protein filaments:
Microfilaments, micro tubules, intermediate filaments

Question 14

Microfilaments

Answer 14

Smallest, but most numerous, components of the cytoskeleton; consist of actin molecules

Question 15

Actin

Answer 15

The most common free protein in the cytosol

Question 16

Roles of microfilaments

Answer 16

1. Shaping & Supporting the Plasma Membrane
2. Facilitating Cell Crawling
3. Moving cell vesicles
4. Completing cell division

Question 17

Vesicles

Answer 17

Membrane-enclosed sacs

Question 18

Micro tubules

Answer 18

Large-diameter filaments that extend from an “organizing center” out toward the plasma membrane; consists of hollow coil of T
tubulin

Question 19

Tubulin

Answer 19

Globular protein that resembles a pearl in a necklace

Question 20

3 distinct roles of microtubules in a body cell

Answer 20

1. Positioning cytoplasmic organelles
2. Moving motile cell extensions
3. Facilitating cell reproduction

Question 21

Kinesins

Answer 21

Tubulin motor molecule that “walks” its load toward plus end of microtubule strands

Question 22

Dyneins

Answer 22

Tubulin motor molecule that “walks” its load toward the minus end of microtubule strands

Question 23

Spindle fibers

Answer 23

Clusters of microtubules

Question 24

Kinetochore

Answer 24

Site where spindle fibers attach chromatids

Question 25

Centrosome

Answer 25

Production center for microtubules

Question 26

Centrioles

Answer 26

Enclosed by a centrosome, 2 cylindrical organelles aligned perpendicularly to one another inside a centrosome

Question 27

Intermediate filaments

Answer 27

Strongest parts of cytoskeleton; help cells endure mechanical stress

Question 28

Microvilli

Answer 28

One of most important projections of a body cell; tiniest projections

Question 29

Brush border

Answer 29

Patch of microvilli

Question 30

Cilia & flagella

Answer 30

2 of most important projections of a body cell; much larger than microvilli

Question 31

Basal body

Answer 31

Anchors cilium or flagellum to cell cortex & directs assembly of microtubules

Question 32

Cytoplasmic organelles

Answer 32

Cytoplasmic subunits that conduct most of chemical reactions in cytoplasm (membranous organelles & non-membranous organelles)

Question 33

Ribosomes

Answer 33

Non-membranous organelles that serve as construction sites for synthesizing proteins

Question 34

Bound ribosomes

Answer 34

Ribosomes that attach to surfaces of other organelles

Question 35

Free ribosomes

Answer 35

Ribosomes that move about in the cytosol

Question 36

Mitochondria

Answer 36

Produces most of ATP

Question 37

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 37

Largest membranous organelle; site for synthesis of proteins & lipids

Question 38

Golgi complex

Answer 38

Cell's protein modifiers, sorters and packagers

Question 39

Transport vesicles

Answer 39

Carry organic molecules from the ER to the Golgi complex & from Golgi complex to other organelles and the plasma membrane

Question 40

Secretory vesicles

Answer 40

Specialized transport vesicles that bud off of the Golgi complex & congregate near plasma membrane; only secrete when prompted by chemical cue in ECF

Question 41

Endocytic vesicles

Answer 41

Pinch off of the plasma membrane & deliver substances from ECF into the cell

Question 42

Lysosomes

Answer 42

Highly specialized vesicles that pinch off of the Golgi complex, remain inside the cell, & decompose food molecules & worn-out organelles

Question 43

Autophagia

Answer 43

Process in which cell digests one of its own organelles

Question 44

Peroxisomes

Answer 44

Tiny organelles that break down a variety of compounds (incl. fatty acids, amino acids, & various toxins)

Question 45

Oxidase

Answer 45

Enzyme that removes electrons from fatty acids & other molecules, causing them to break apart

Question 46

Catalase

Answer 46

Enzyme that converts H2O2 into H2O + O2;