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PSYC 323 - Athabasca > Chapter 4 - Physical Development and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Physical Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

two patterns of Growth

A

1- Cephalocaudal
2- Proximodistal

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2
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

the sequence in which the fastest growth always occurs at the top - the head. Physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to the bottom—for example, from neck to shoulders, to middle trunk, and so on.

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3
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

growth sequence that starts at the center of the body
and moves toward the extremities. For example, muscle control of the trunk and arms matures before control of the hands and fingers. Further, infants use their whole hand as a unit before they can control several fingers.

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4
Q

Growth pattern in Infancy

A
  • Average 7 1/2 pounds at birth , 20 inches
  • First few days after birth lose wt. rapidly
  • Wt. gain happens after learning to suck, chew
  • Gain 5-6 oz. / week & 1inch / month
  • ## Wt. triples by 1st B day
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5
Q

Growth pattern in Early childhood

A
  • After pre school %increase in Ht. and Wt. decreases
  • Girls are lighter than boys generally
  • Girls have more fatty tissues and boys have more muscle tissues
  • More growth in trunks, arms and legs. Growth in height. This reduces weight
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6
Q

two important contributors to height differences

A

1- Nutrition
2- Ethnic factors

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7
Q

Gland responsible for growth

A

the pituitary, the body’s master gland, located at the base of the brain. his gland secretes growth-related hormones

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8
Q

Growth pattern in Middle and late childhood

A
  • Relatively slow growth before another growth spurt in adolescents yrs.
  • More muscle mass in boys and fatty tissues in girls
  • both develop muscle and muscles are toned based on diet and activities, exercise
  • Size of trunk changes also head circumference changes
  • Bones become heavy and harden
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9
Q

Growth pattern in Adolescence

A
  • Puberty
  • Body features and proportions changes
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10
Q

Puberty

A

A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence. It is an important marker of the beginning of adolescence.

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11
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s first menstruation

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12
Q

What triggers early puberty

A

improved health and nutrition

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13
Q

Age range for Menarche (First menstrual)

A

9 - 15yrs

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14
Q

Precocious puberty

A

very early onset and rapid progression. Pubertal onset before 8 yrs in girls and before 9 yrs in boys of puberty.

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15
Q

How Precocious puberty is stopped

A

By stopping Gonadotropic secretions

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16
Q

Why Gonadotropic secretions are stopped to prevent Precocious Puberty

A

children who experience precocious puberty are ultimately likely to have short stature, early sexual capability, and the potential for engaging in age-inappropriate behavior

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17
Q

Reasons for early onset of puberty

A

adoption, father absence, low socioeconomic status, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment, and early substance use (Basically all stressful situations)

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18
Q

Hormones

A

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

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19
Q

Gland that secrets Hormones

A

Endocrine Glands

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20
Q

Hormone secretion is controlled by which 3 parts

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonads ( Sex glands)

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

structure in the brain best known for monitoring eating, drinking, and sex

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22
Q

pituitary gland

A

an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.

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23
Q

gonads

A

sex glands—the testes in males, the ovaries in females.

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24
Q

2 classes of hormones with different levels in male and female

A

Androgens are the main class of male sex hormones. Estrogens are the main class of female sex hormones.

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25
Testosterone
an androgen that is a key hormone in the development of puberty in boys
26
Changes on bogy during Puberty in Boys & hormone responsible
testosterone level rises during puberty, external genitals enlarge, height increases, and the voice changes
27
Estradiol
Estrogen that plays critical part in female puberty. As the estradiol level rises, breast development, uterine development, and skeletal changes occur
28
Can hormones alone be responsible for adolescent behaviour
NO. Hormones do not act alone. hormonal activity is influenced by many environmental fac-tors, including parent-adolescent relationships. Stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, and depression
29
Male Sexual Maturation stage
increase in penis and testicle size, curly pub hair body growth arm pit hairs facial hair appearance of straight pubic hair, minor voice change, first ejaculation through masturbation or wet dream
30
Order of physical changes in Females in Puberty
breasts enlarge pubic hair appears. By end of puberty breasts are fully developed and rounded hips widen than shoulder The first menarche happens between 9-15 yrs ( normal)
31
2 important psychological dimensions of Puberty
1 - Body image 2- Early and late maturation
32
Early and Late Maturation
Perceptions about one self-based on maturation timing. Early maturation is positive and late is negative
33
How does early maturation increase girls’ vulnerability
Early-maturing girls are more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, struggle for earlier independence from their parents, and have older friends; and their bodies are likely to elicit responses from males that lead to earlier dating and earlier sexual experiences
34
Neuro-constructivist view
biology and environment determine brain development - Brain has plasticity and is context dependent - Development of brain and child's cognitive development is closely linked
35
neurons
nerve cells in the brain that handle information processing,
36
cerebral cortex
Outer layer of brain important for language, thinking, perception and other functions
37
amygdala
Inner brain structure which plays an important role in emotions
38
hippocampus,
Inner brain structure that controls memory and emotion.
39
neural circuit
Clusters of neurons known as neural circuits work together to handle particular types of information
40
neurotransmitter used by neural circuits
dopamine
41
lateralization.
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex .Speech and gram-mar, for example, depend on activity in the left hemisphere
42
Shaken baby syndrome,
brain swelling and hemorrhaging due to shaking baby's head or not supporting baby's head
43
2 key developments in brain in first 2 years
1. Creation of myelin sheath 2, Connections between dendrites
44
Myelination,
The process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath
45
How myelination helps
It speeds up the transmission of information in axons so information passes quickly at long distances
46
Myelination for visual pathways
completed during the first six months
47
Auditory myelination
not completed until 4 or 5 years of age
48
what is pruning of dendrites and synapses
increase in numbers
49
reduced levels of myelination leads to?
developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones
50
Which brain area develops between 3-6 Yrs
Frontal Lobe - Improving planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks
51
Which brain area develops between 6Yrs - Puberty
temporal and parietal lobes developing language and spatial relations
52
Why prefrontal cortex is called leader of other brain areas
It coordinates functions of other brain parts and plays imp. role in problem solving
53
What is activation of brain areas
some areas increasing in activation while others decrease
54
cognitive control,
PFC function include controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, inhibiting motor actions, and being flexible in switching between competing choices
55
What is pruning
Strengthening of connections and diffusing of pathways that are not used in brain
56
What does pruning indicate
activities adolescents choose to engage in and not to engage in influence which neural connections will be strengthened and which will disappear.
57
corpus callosum,
where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres,
58
prefrontal cortex
—the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.
59
Maturation and development age for PFC
18-25 yrs
60
amygdala
—the seat of emotions such as anger
61
developmental social neuroscience,
New branch of science that involves connections between brain development and socioemotional connection
62
By what age infants sleep majority of night time
6 months
63
Factors associated to night time waking of Infants
excessive parental involvement depression during pregnancy, early introduction of solid foods, infant TV viewing, and child care attendance were related to shorter duration of infant sleep
64
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Eyes flutter below the closed lids
65
REM sleep time in Adult Vs Infant
1/5 of total sleep time in adult 50% of total sleep time in Infant
66
What is SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause.
67
Age of highest SIDs
2 to 4 months
68
Recommended way to avoid SID
Sleeping on back and avoid Prone Sleeping (sleeping on stomach)
69
Recommended sleep for young children
11-13 hrs
70
Activities that promote early bed time
cool, dark, quiet bedroom, parental presence, No TV, quiet play, Bath
71
Reason behind delayed sleep in older adolescents
Delay in producing melatonin by 1 hour, causes them t sleep late and creates sleep deficit
72
Effect of Lead poisoning
lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity dis-order, and elevated blood pressure
73
Common cause of death in middle or late child hood
Motor vehicle accident
74
Common Cancer in Children
Leukemia - a cancer of the tissues that make blood cells
75
Factors related to under 5 age mortality
Nutrition, Health knowledge, immunization, dehydration, health services availability, income, food aval.
76
How much calories infants need to consume to cover their grown need
50 Calories / pond each day
77
When are children considered overweight
when they are above 95th percentile in weight for their age and gender
78
When are children labelled at risk for being overweight
if they are between the 85th and 95th percentiles.
79
Foods responsible for weight issues in US
French fries Desserts Sweetened drinks
80
Apart from food another key factor in overweight of children
Whether they are bottle fed or breast fed. Breast fed babies tend not to put on weight
81
metabolic syndrome
a disorder characterized by obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance
82
When mother should avoid Breast feeding
1, When she is HIV infected 2.Has active TB 3. On any drug that is not safe for a child
83
Two life-threatening conditions of Malnutrition
Marasmus Kwashiorkor
84
Marasmus
severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year.
85
Effect of Marasmus
Gross underweight Muscle Atrophy
86
Kwashiorkor
Feet and stomach swelling of water Vital organs collect all nutrients and deprive the other body parts. Brittle hair Pale skin
87
Malnutrition effects
Low on attention and memory
88
Low maternal sensitivity in 15-24 months can lead to
Overeating and obesity
89
Effect of forceful and restrictive caregiver
overweight children
90
2 Parental feeding styles
A sensitive / responsive caregiving style Forceful caregiving style
91
Sensitive / responsive caregiving style
caregiver is nurturant, provides clear information about what is expected, and responds appropriately to children’s cues
92
Health issues in overweight children
Diabetes, hypertension elevated blood cholesterol levels
93
Psychological issues related to overweight in children
low self-esteem, depression Exclusion from peer group
94
Social issues related to overweight in children
Teasing by peers Low acceptance levels in peer group
95
Heredity influences of obesity
Obese partent or both parents Obesity in this case happens even if child is not staying with parent
96
Environmental factors of obesity in children
Food, Screen time, irregular meal times etc
97
Strategy to reduce overweight in children
Reduce screen time exercise healthy diet
98
Benefit of exercise on 2 aspects
Physical Cognitive
99
Guidelines for play in early childhood / pre school
2 hours physical activity every day, divided in 1 hr of structured activity and 1 hr of free play
100
Benefit of exercise in middle and late childhood
low chance of metabolic diseases like cholesterol, waist circumference, and insulin regulation
101
Benefit of exercise in Aolescence
Better metabolic regulation low risk of substance abuse, alcohol, smoking Better sleep better concentration lower risk of depression

PSYC 323 - Athabasca (20 decks)

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