Chapter 4 Potential Hazards - Quizlet Flashcards
What is Sublimation?
Change directly from a solid into a gas without change to liquid first.
What is Deposition?
Changes directly from a vapor to a solid without going to liquid first.
What is vapor pressure?
The pressure created when liquid turns into vapor (gas) inside a closed container.
Under 760 mmHg is technically a liquid; above 760 mmHg it is a gas.
Materials with a vapor pressure greater than 760 mmHg will be what under normal conditions?
They will be a gas.
Describe Boiling Point.
The temperature at which liquids change to gas at a given pressure.
Example: 212° for water.
What is specific gravity?
It is how fast an object will sink or float in water.
A specific gravity of > 1 will do what? Conversely, < 1 will do what?
> 1 will sink (e.g., Lead); < 1 will float (e.g., oil).
What is molecular weight?
It tells you how heavy a molecule is, measured in grams/molecule or g/mol.
How does molecular weight affect the characteristics of a product?
Lighter molecular weight gases (like hydrogen or methane) rise; heavier gases (like chlorine or propane) sink and collect in low areas.
What is Vapor Density?
It tells you whether a gas will rise or sink in air.
Vapors with a vapor density > 1 will do what?
They will sink (e.g., Propane).
Vapors with a vapor density < 1 will do what?
They will float up (e.g., Methane).
Describe Water Solubility.
If a substance disappears and blends in when added to water, it’s soluble; if it sits or sinks without mixing, it’s insoluble.
Describe Water Miscibility.
It refers to the ability of two liquids (or gases) to mix completely and form a uniform solution without separating.
Describe Chemical Reactivity.
It is how easily a substance reacts with another substance, especially with oxygen, water, and acids or bases.
What do Inhibitors do?
They are materials added to products to control or prevent an undesired reaction and increase the needed activation energy.
Discuss the pH Scale.
Measures the corrosivity of acids and bases; acids are on top (0 to 6.9) and bases on the bottom (7.1 to 14).
What is Flash Point?
The lowest temperature at which a liquid gives off enough vapor to briefly catch fire if an ignition source is present.
What is Fire Point?
The slightly higher temperature at which the vapor keeps burning on its own after being lit.
What are the two different types of radiation?
Non-ionizing radiation (not strong enough to knock off electrons) and ionizing radiation (high-energy, can knock electrons off atoms).
Discuss Alpha Radiation.
Alpha particles are big and slow, cannot travel far, stopped by paper or skin, and are dangerous if swallowed or inhaled.
Discuss Beta Radiation.
Beta particles are lighter and faster, can go through skin, usually stopped by clothing, plastic, aluminum, or glass.
Discuss Gamma Radiation.
Gamma radiation is pure energy, can pass through the body, concrete, and aluminum; stopped by lead or dense concrete.
Discuss Neutron Radiation.
Neutron radiation is rare but requires high amounts of hydrogen for shielding, such as oil, water, and concrete.
