Chapter 4 Pre Test Flashcards
1
Q
What are the functions and location of epithelial tissue?
A
Protection
Control permeability (absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion)
Sensory function
Secretions
protection, secretion, [permeability - absorption, excretion, filtration, diffusion], and sensory reception.
DOES NOT *provide padding and a supportive framework for other tissue types
Location - skin and linings
Protective or filtration.
2
Q
The lamina lucida: (a layer of the basal lamina)
A
contains glycoproteins and a network of fine protein filaments.
3
Q
What tissue type is found along passageways in the kidneys, inside the eye, and in the alveoli of the lungs?
A
simple squamous epithelium
4
Q
What tissue type is most common along the ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, and other exocrine glands?
A
Stratified cuboidal epithelial tissue
5
Q
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of pseudostratified columnar epithelial tissue?
A
It includes several types of cells with varying shapes and functions.
*It may have multiple layers, with only the superficial cells being columnar.
It is not truly stratified because every epithelial cell contacts the basal lamina.
It typically has cells that possess cilia.
6
Q
The seminiferous tubules of the testes are of which exocrine gland type?
A
compound tubular
7
Q
Lymph is an example of which type of connective tissue?
A
*fluid connective tissue
dense connective tissue
epithelial tissue
loose connective tissue
8
Q
The complex three-dimensional supporting network called “stroma” is found in:
A
reticular tissue.
9
Q
Which type of blood cell promotes inflammation much like mast cells do in other connective tissues?
A
basophils
10
Q
Which tissue type, found between the ends of ribs and the bones of the sternum, provides stiff but somewhat flexible support?
A
hyaline cartilage
11
Q
Which of the following is CORRECT regarding bone tissue?
A
The cellular layer of the periosteum assists in the attachment of bone to the surrounding tissues.
Canaliculi are at the center of each osteon, providing oxygen and nutrients to the osteocytes.
Layers of matrix separate the tissue.
*Lacunae in the matrix contain osteocytes.
12
Q
Which layer of fasciae forms a strong, fibrous internal framework?
A
deep fascia
13
Q
Smooth muscle tissue cells:
A
are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated.
14
Q
Skeletal muscle tissue cells:
A
are long, cylindrical, banded, and multinucleated.
15
Q
Cardiac muscle tissue:
A
are short, branched, striated, and have a single nucleus. Cardiac muscle has intercalcated disks.
16
Q
Which statement regarding the body’s response to tissue injury is false?
A
Fibrosis in muscle and other tissues may occur in response to injury, disease, or aging.
*Neural tissue regenerates well.
Damaged areas are often replaced by scar tissue.
Each organ has a different ability to regenerate after injury.
17
Q
Which of the primary tissue types functions to store energy?
A
connective tissue
18
Q
4 types of tissue
A
connective tissue
epithelial tissue
neural tissue
muscle tissue
19
Q
An epithelium has a(n) _____ surface, which faces the exterior of the body or some internal space, and a basal surface, which is attached to adjacent tissues; the presence of such structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces is referred to as polarity.
A
apical
20
Q
Intercellular attachments called
attach the deepest epithelial cells to the basal lamina.
A
hemidesmosomes
21
Q
A stratified
epithelium is generally located where mechanical or chemical stresses are severe.
A
squamous
22
Q
A simple
epithelium provides limited protection and occurs where secretion or absorption takes place.
A
cuboidal
23
Q
At a gap junction, two cells are held together by interlocking junctional proteins called
.
A
connexons
24
Q
A merocrine sweat gland is an example of a simple coiled
gland structure.
A
tubular
25
In appositional growth, the cartilage enlarges by the addition of cartilage to the outer surface, whereas in
growth, the cartilage expands from within.
interstitial
| bone grows in LENGTH vs diameter; endochondral ossification
26
Which statement regarding glands is NOT correct?
Endocrine glands secrete hormones or hormonal precursors.
Glands are derived from epithelia, but secretory cells predominate.
Endocrine glands secrete into internal passageways that connect to the exterior.
Exocrine glands secrete onto external passages.
*Endocrine glands secrete into internal passageways that connect to the exterior.
Endocrine glands release secretion into interstitial fluid
27
Which intercellular attachment is very strong and resists stretching and twisting?
desmosomes (spot demosome)
28
Which tissue type is found lining the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and kidney ducts?
simple columnar epithelium
29
Adipose tissue is a type of:
loose connective tissue.
30
Support of the external ear is an example of which of the following?
elastic cartilage
31
Describe characteristics of serous membranes
They are exemplified by three membranes, which line the body cavities of the trunk - pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
They are extremely delicate and are never directly connected to the exterior.
They consist of a mesothelium supported by areolar tissue.
32
Which tissue type moves the body by pulling on bones?
skeletal muscle tissue
33
____ columnar epithelia are relatively rare, and are most often found lining large ducts such as those of the salivary glands or pancreas.
stratified
34
______ secretion involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as the secretory product.
apocrine
35
The three basic components that all forms of connective tissue share are specialized cells, extracellular protein fibers, and a fluid known as ground substance, which, together with the extracellular fibers, constitute the ______ that surrounds the cells.
matrix
36
______ tissue is the most common form of connective tissue proper in adults. It contains all of the cell types found in other forms of connective tissue proper: extracellular fibers; wandering cells; fixed cells such as melanocytes, fixed pigment cells that synthesize melanin; and fibroblasts, fixed cells that synthesize the extracellular fibers of the connective tissue.
areolar
37
Blood, a(n)
connective tissue, consists of a watery matrix called plasma, which contains blood cells and fragments of cells, collectively known as formed elements.
fluid
38
In
, a supporting connective tissue, the matrix is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives called chondroitin sulfates.
cartilage
39
About two-thirds of the matrix of bone consists of a mixture of calcium salts and the rest of the matrix is dominated by
fibers.
collagen
40
are connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs.
fasciae
This structure consists of three types of layers: a superficial layer, a deep layer, and a subserous layer.
41
Neural tissue contains neurons and several kinds of supporting cells, collectively called
, or neuroglia cells.
glial
42
In tissue repair,
| produces several familiar indications of injury, including swelling, redness, warmth, and pain.
inflammation
43
Two plasma membranes are tightly bound together by interlocking membrane proteins, which form a barrier that isolates the basolateral surface and deeper tissues from the contents of the lumen.
Occluding junction
44
A band that locks together the terminal webs of neighboring cells, strengthening the apical region and preventing distortion and leakage at the occluding junctions
Adhesion belt
45
Two cells are held together by interlocking junctional proteins called connexons, permitting chemical communication that coordinates the activities of adjacent cells.
Gap junction
46
Transmembrane proteins that bind to each other and to extracellular materials, locking together the opposing plasma membranes, providing resistance to stretching and twisting
Desmosome
47
The deepest epithelial cells are attached to the basal lamina when the basal cytoskeleton is locked to peripheral proteins and to transmembrane proteins that are firmly attached to a layer of extracellular protein filaments and fibers.
Hemidesmosome
48
Match the epithelial cell type to its location.
```
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia
Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium
Stratified cuboidal epithelia
Simple cuboidal epithelia
Transitional epithelia
Simple columnar epithelia
```
Pseudostratified columnar epithelia - Line the nasal cavities, the trachea, and larger airways of the lungs
Nonkeratinized, stratified squamous epithelium - Found in the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, anus, and vagina
Stratified cuboidal epithelia - Most common along the ducts of sweat glands and in the larger ducts of the mammary glands
Simple cuboidal epithelia - Found lining portions of the kidney tubules as well as secretory chambers in the thyroid gland
Transitional epithelia - Line the urinary bladder, ureters, and urine-collecting chambers within the kidneys
Simple columnar epithelia - Found lining the stomach, intestine, gallbladder, uterine tubes, and ducts within the kidneys
49
Designate the characteristic as cartilage or as bone.
Bone:
- extensive vascularity
- osteocytes in lacunae
- small volume of liquid surrounding insoluble crystals and calcium salts
Cartilage:
- Limited strength: bends easily, but hard to break
- Perichondrium (two layers)
- Collagen, elastic, and reticular fibers exist in the matrix, in varying proportions
50
membrane that Lines passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior, including those in the digestive, respiratory, reproductive, and urinary tracts.
p.168
mucous membranes
layers:
Epithelium
Areolar Tissue (called lamina propria)
51
membrane that Consists of a mesothelium supported by areolar tissue
p.168
serous membrane
very delicate and never connected to the exterior
3 serous membranes - pleura, pericardium, and peritoneum
layers:
Mesothelium
Areolar Tissue
("peri serous")
52
membrane that Consists of a stratified squamous epithelium and a layer of areolar tissue reinforced by underlying dense irregular connective tissue
p.168
cutaneous
layers:
Epithelium
Areolar Tissue
Dense irregular connective tissue
53
membrane that Lines mobile joint cavities but does not cover the opposing joint surface
p.168
Synovial membrane
54
membrane Composed of connective tissue layers that wrap and surround organs
p.168
Fascia
55
Match the tissue type or structural component to its description.
p.172/173
Muscles:
CARDIAC cells are short, branched, and striated - cardiac
SMOOTH MUSCLE CELLS are short, spindle-shaped, and nonstriated, with a single, central nucleus.
INTERCALCATED DISKS are specialized intercellular junctions found in cardiac muscle tissue
Nerves:
NEUROGLIA are Supporting cells of neural tissue
DENDRITE is a Process that receives information, typically from other neurons
AXON conducts information to other cells
56
```
Epithelial functional descriptions of:
Stratified squamous epithelium
Simple squamous epithelium
Simple columnar epithelium
Transitional epithelium
```
Stratified squamous epithelium - Protection from severe mechanical or chemical stresses
Simple squamous epithelium - Absorption or diffusion in protected regions or where a slick, slippery surface reduces friction
Simple columnar epithelium - Absorption in the stomach and intestine
Transitional epithelium - It tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling without damage.
right answer feedback:
57
Match the connective tissue proper cell to its description.
Recall that the two classes of cells in connective tissue proper are the fixed cells (primarily involved with local maintenance, repair, and energy storage) and the wandering cells (concerned primarily with the defense and repair of damaged tissues).
mast cells = Stimulate local inflammation and mobilize tissue defenses
fibroblasts = Synthesize the extracellular fibers of the connective tissue
plasma cells = Active, immune cells that produce antibodies
Mesenchymal cells = Mobile stem cells that participate in the repair of damaged tissues
neutrophils = Small phagocytic blood cells that enter tissues during infection or injury
lymphocytes = Mobile cells of the immune system
58
Describe the 3 secretions of exocrine glands
p. 156
Merocrine secretion = The product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis. (ex. salivary gland)
Holocrine secretion = The entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts, releasing the secretion and killing the cell.
Apocrine secretion = The apical portion of the cytoplasm becomes packed with secretory vesicles and is then shed.
59
Describe the 2 types of cartilage growth
Interstitial growth = The cartilage expands from within.
Appositional growth = The cartilage enlarges by the addition of cartilage to the outer surface.
60
Which type of tissue is composed of dense irregular connective tissue arranged in multiple layers in which the collagen fibers in one layer run in the same direction, while the fibers in other layers run in different directions?
Superficial fascia - loose connective tissue (areolar and adipose)
*Deep fascia - strong fibrous internal framework, dense connective tissue
Serous membranes - mesothelium supported by areolar tissue
Subserous fascia - areolar tissue
61
Which of the following is a layer of areolar tissue and fat that separates the skin from the underlying tissues and organs and is also known as the hypodermis?
Which of the following is a layer of areolar tissue and fat that separates the skin from the underlying tissues and organs and is also known as the hypodermis?
62
Which statement about bone and cartilage is not true?
Cartilage has no blood vessels running through it, whereas bone does.
The matrices of both cartilage and bone have collagen fibers but bone also has calcium salts in the matrix.
The matrix of cartilage is flexible and the matrix of bone is rigid.
*Both cartilage and bone remodel themselves continuously during life. (normally in an adult cartilage growth no longer occurs - think hip and knee replacements)
63
What is an important difference between mucous membranes and serous membranes?
Mucous membranes are in contact with the outside environment and serous membranes are not.
64
Which of the following membranes lines passageways and chambers, such as the digestive and respiratory tracts, that communicate with the body’s exterior?
mucous membrane
65
Which type of connective tissue forms a superficial layer between the skin and deeper structures and helps to loosely attach the skin to those deeper structures?
*Areolar tissue
Areolar tissue is the least specialized connective tissue. It may contain all the cells of any connective tissue proper. It has a viscous ground substance, collagen and elastic fibers, is stretchy and resilient, and forms a layer under the skin, providing padding and loosely anchoring the skin to underlying structures.
Adipose tissue stores fat in the form of triglycerides.
Reticular tissue provides a framework that supports cells in organs such as the liver and spleen
Dense irregular connective tissue gives strength and support to areas in which stresses may come from many different directions.
66
The capsules that surround most organs, such as the kidneys and the organs in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, are components of the __________.
*deep fascia
The capsules that surround most organs, such as the kidneys and the organs in the thoracic and peritoneal cavities, are components of the deep fascia. This is formed from dense connective tissue layers and provides a strong internal scaffold. This internal scaffold supports and protects the internal organs against mechanical forces.
Superficial fascia is between the skin and underlying organs; “Subcutaneous layer” is another term for superficial fascia.
Subserous fascia lies between the deep fascia and serous membranes.
67
What is the primary function of a serous membrane?
Reducing friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces
Serous membranes function by reducing friction between the parietal and visceral surfaces. These membranes produce a lubricating fluid that protects against friction. These membranes are essential to preserving the mechanical integrity of the internal organs.
68
Which serous membrane covers the outside of each lung?
visceral pleura
The visceral pleura covers the lungs and interlobar fissures, whereas the parietal pleura lines the ribs, diaphragm, and mediastinum.
Each serous membrane can be divided into a parietal portion, which lines the inner surface of the cavity, and an opposing visceral portion, which covers the outer surface of viscera organs.
69
What are the three major subdivisions of the extracellular fluid in the body?
plasma, interstitial fluid, and lymph
70
Considering the different layers of fascia, what is the proper order of these layers going from the outside of the body inward?
Superficial, deep, subserous
71
The mucous membranes that are lined by simple epithelia perform the functions of __________.
absorption and secretion
72
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of most connective tissues?
Contain fibers
Contain mostly matrix
Contain ground substance
*Contain mostly cells - Cells make up the bulk of epithelial tissue; matrix makes up most of connective tissue
73
What is meant by the term dense regular connective tissue?
This tissue has collagen fibers packed tightly together and aligned parallel to each other.
74
What is the major function of neurons in neural tissue?
To transmit signals that take the form of changes in the transmembrane potential
75
The release of histamine by mast cells at an injury site produces which of the following responses?
inflammation - Redness, warmth, and swelling
76
Which type of cell in nervous tissue has large cell body, dendrites, and an axon and can receive and conduct information?
neuron
77
In regard to its structural and functional properties, skeletal muscle tissue can be considered __________.
striated voluntary muscle
78
The restoration of homeostasis after an injury involves which two related processes?
Inflammation and regeneration
79
The permanent replacement of normal tissue by fibrous tissue is called __________.
fibrosis
80
Which type of muscle tissue is voluntary and contains large, multinucleated cells that can be up to 1 foot in length?
Skeletal
81
Which type of muscle tissue has small cells that are tapered on both ends, fat in the middle, and uninucleate?
Smooth
82
Which type of muscle tissue is responsible for producing body movement?
Skeletal
83
Neural tissue is specialized to __________.
carry electrical impulses from one part of the body to another
84
Which part of the neuron can send information to other cells?
Axon
85
Which part of the neuron is the receptive part of the cell?
dendrite
86
What is the first response to tissue injury?
Inflammation
87
Inflammation, in response to an injury or infection, protects the body in a number of ways. These protective mechanisms include all of the following except __________.
increased delivery of oxygen and nutrients
*deceased mast cell activity- mast cell activity is increased, but BEFORE inflammation
increased phagocytosis
removal of toxins and wastes
88
Referring to muscle tissue, what does the term involuntary mean?
The body does not consciously cause the contraction of involuntary muscle.
89
Which of the following is the best definition of inflammation?
A defense that involves the coordinated activities of several tissues
90
Which of the following is NOT a function of neuroglia cells?
Conducting electrical impulses to other cells
Neuroglia are supporting cells of nervous tissue. Functions are:
Maintain physical structure of nervous tissue
Repair nervous tissue framework after injury
Perform phangocytosis
Provide nutrients to neurons
Regulate the composition of insterstital fluid surrounding neurons
