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Chapter 4 prokaryotes Flashcards

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1
Q

Prokaryotes grouped based on

A

morphology- shape and size

-genetically determined

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2
Q

Monomorphic

A

one shape

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3
Q

Pleomorphic

A

many shapes- rare

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4
Q

Average pro. size

A
  1. 2-1.0 um x 2-8 um

- ten times smaller then eukary on average

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5
Q

surface area of cell membrane controls….

A

size of cell

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6
Q

Two most common shapes of pros

A

round-coccus

rod- bacillus

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7
Q

Third common shape of pros

A

spiral- has curve

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8
Q

Types of curved spiral cells

A
  • vibrio-comma
  • spirillum- true twist; 1 maybe 2 turns- rigid and un-flexible
  • spirochete- really flexible; super curvy
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9
Q

Uncommon shapes

A

stella- star shaped bacteria- filamentous

haloarcula- rectangular bacteria- flat disks- most are aquatic bacteria-nutrient poor-adaptation for

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10
Q

How do cells form groupings?

A 
cells adhere together after division
form characteristic arrangements
        -depends on plane of division
        -after binary fission; cells remain connected causing        
         clumping
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11
Q

How do pros multiply

A

binary fission

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12
Q

Diplococci

A

2 round cells that divide in a central plane and remain together ex. Neisseria
-gonorrhea; bacterial meningitis

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13
Q

Streptococci

A

chain of round cells that divide in central plane

-ex. Enterococcus

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14
Q

Tetrad

A

4 round cells only in cocci that divide on 2 planes down the center ex. Micrococcus

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15
Q

Sarcinae

A

8 round cells that divide on 2 planes down the center and a third plane horizontally thru the middle ex. Sarcina

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16
Q

Staphylococci

A

large group of cells that divide on random planes causing a non definitive shape

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17
Q

single bacillus

A

one rod ex. Bacillus anthracis

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18
Q

Diplobacilli

A

2 rod shape cells together end to end

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19
Q

streptobacilli

A

chain of rod like cells ex. Bacillus megaterium

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20
Q

Coccobacillius

A

rod/round ex. Bordetella pertussis

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21
Q

Bacillus rarely divide on long plane, if do they go thru…

A

Snap division and look like Chinese letters

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22
Q

Structures found in all bacterial cells are..

A
  • cytoplasm
  • ribosomes
  • plasma membrane
  • nuleoid
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23
Q

Glycocalyx are made..

A

inside cell and excreted to surface

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24
Q

Functions of glycocalyx…

A
  • protection-primary- covering of cell that prevents water loss and phagocytosis
  • attachment-secondary-helps attach to host or environment-most dont reproduce unless attached
  • motility- rare- gliders-sluglike
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25
Glycocalyx can be made of.....
polysaccarides, proteins or both
26
Virulence Factors
any bacterial structure or physiological structure that aids in disease ex. glycocalyx, flagella
27
Capsule
- encloses cell(glycocalyx) - chemical composition varies depending on species - highly organized and firmly attached
28
Slime Layer
- disorganized - loosely attached - filamentous
29
Prokaryotes move with
flagella
30
Flagella are...
- naked filaments composed of flagellin - rotate clockwise/counterclockwise - runs and tumbles - taxis-move in response of outide stimuli
31
Bacterial Flagella structure has 3 basic parts...
- filament-long tube like appendage - hook- made of protein- encloses base of filament outside cell - basal body- single rod through cell wall and membrane with 1 or 2 pairs of rings for anchorage
32
one flagella at one end of cell
polar- Monotrichous
33
no flagella
atrichous-non motile
34
multiple flagella at one end
polar- lophotrichous
35
flagella all over the surface of a bacteria
peritrichous
36
flagella at both ends
polar-amphitrichous-can have more then one at each end
37
Archael flagella
bunch of tiny filaments bundled together, much smaller and turns as one piece virulence factor
38
an axial filament is _________ and only occurs in____.
uncommon; bacteria
39
axial filaments are
bundles of endoflagella that spira- ex. Spirochete bacteria - attached at both ends and spirals down body - causes a corkscrew motion-filament contract and relax over and over- cell twist and move
40
Fimbriae are
in bacteria- short thin filaments of pilin protein for attachment to other cells and surfaces
41
Hami are
in archaea- hooked protein filament always present for attachment
42
Conjugation/sex pili are
pilin tubules used to attach to other cells to exchange DNA
43
Conjugation
the exchange of DNA
44
Cannulae
filaments in thermophilic archaea- extreme heat loving
45
Spinae
filament that connect cells over distances and creates mesh-like network in marine bacteria
46
Prokaryotic cell wall
- most have - protection - determines shape of cell - protects from osmotic pressure - anchor point for flagella - contributes to virulence - lots of variation
47
sugar found only in bacteria
peptidoglycan-PTG-murein
48
archaea never have sugars called
peptidoglycan- may have pseudomurein
49
basic structure of peptidoglycan
-disaccharide polymer-NAG-N-acetylglucosamin; NAM- N-acetlymuramic acid -Glycan chain held together by amino acids -tetrapeptide chain Protein crossbridges- may or may not be present -mostly G+
50
Gram Positive cell wall has
- thick layer of PTG - Teichoic acids - Lipoteichoic acids-attached to cell membrane - Wall teichoic acids- not attached to membrane - may have external protein or sugar layer - very rigid - charged and helps movement - determines antigenic specificity
51
Gram Negative cell wall
- little or no PTG- b/w 2 diff.membrane - outer lipopolysaccharide membrane(LPS)-controls anti. specificity - O-specific polysaccharide side chain - Lipid A endotoxin - significant periplasmic space- 60% plasma- nutralizing and digesting enzymes-defense mechanism - no techoic acids - 2nd membrane is made of lipids and sugars-part of cell wall
52
Antigenic specificity
stimulates immune system
53
Gram Staining
gram pos and gram neg bacteria can be id'd by a gram stain | -PTG holds stain so pos. holds color
54
Gram positive flagella
have 2 rings of the basal body in the plasma membrane
55
Gran negative flagella
have a ring under the outer membrane, one in the PTG of the cell wall, and two in the inner plasma membrane
56
Gram+'s
- many rigid layers of PTG - teichoic acids - no outer LPS membrane - 2 ring basal body for anchoring flagella
57
Gram -'s
- little to no PTG - no teichoic acids - LPS outer membrane - 4 ring basal body anchoring flagella
58
Atypical wall of Gram +
-Acid-fast cell walls-hold on to stain -classified as gram positive - mycolic acid bound to PTG - Mycobacterium - Nocardia -Wall coated with a hydrophobic wax material - resistant to acid, base, chemicals, heat, cold, and antibiotics
59
Chlamydia
- classified as Gram neg with no PTG - only ones - cysteine-rich proteins - layer of proteins instead of PTG
60
Mycoplasmas
- have no cell wall - smallest free-living bacteria - plasma membrane- unique - sterols- lipids - help protect from lysis(rupture)
61
Acid fast stain is used to id bacteria of the genus
Mycobacterium and pathogenic species of Nocardia
62
Cytoplasmic membrane
- delicate thin fluid structure - defines boundary - serves as a semi-permeable barrier - selectively permeable
63
Fluid mosaic model
how cell membrane is asymbled
64
Phospholipid Bilayer
-polar heads - composed of phosphate group and glycerol that are hydrophilic- h2o soluble -non-polar tails composed of fatty acids that are hydrophobic-insoluble
65
Archaea may ______ cell walls or unusual_______ that are made of_________ and _______ but not PTG.
- lack - cell walls - polysaccarides - proteins
66
Amphipathic
both ends of bilayer chemically hydrophobic | core- controls what moves in and out
67
Membrane is embedded with numerous____, for things like_____,____, and _____.
- proteins | - receptors,transport, and enzymes
68
Prokaryotes typically dont have membrane____. | Bacteria may have ______.
- sterols - Hopanoids- ringlike to stabilize membrane - do not use steroids
69
Photosynthetic pigment on in-flodings
chromatophores or thylakoids
70
In-foldings of cell membrane are to ______ surface area for ____.
- increase | - photosynthesis
71
Archaea have distinct membranes lipids
- ether linkage - 2 diether or 4 tetraether linkages - glycerol group enantiomer - branched isoprenoid sidechain - may form mono-layer with great rigidity
72
Selectively Permeable
- membrane is - few molecules pass through freely - movement involves active and passive processes
73
Passive processes
- no energy(ATP) required - along gradient - simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion, osmosis
74
Simple diffusion
the net movement of molecules or ions from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
75
Facilitated diffusion
integral membrane proteins function as channels or carriers that facilitate the movement of ions or large molecules across the plasma membrane
76
Osmosis
the net movement of solvent molecules across a selectively permeable membrane from an area with a high concentration of solvent molecules(low concentration of solute molecules) to an area of low solvent molecules(high concentration of solute molecules)
77
Isotonic Solution
-no movement of water- equilibrium
78
Hypotonic solution
- water moves into the cell to high conc. of solutes- can cause cells to burst- osmotic lysi
79
Hypertonic solution
-water moves outside of cell-high solutes outside cell - causes cytoplasm to shrink
80
Active processes
-energy required- active transport
81
Group translocation
- form of active transport that breaks apart molecules before the molecule can enter - PEP is in the cell and loses a Phos in order to rephospholate the in coming molecule
82
Internal Structures essential for life
- chromosome | - ribosomes
83
Optional cell structures that may provide selective advantages
- cytoskskeleton - plasmid - storage granules - endospores
84
Primary chromosome
- reside in nucleoid - typically single circular chromosomes - Archaea-histone proteins - Bacteria-condensin proteins - Asexual reproduction - Binary fission, budding, fragmenting, spores
85
Plasmids
- small DNA molecules - replicated independently - nonessential information - used in genetic engineering biotechnology
86
Ribosomes
- composed of large and small subunits - made of riboprotein and ribosomal RNA - differ in density from eukaryotic ribosomes - 70s ribosomes
87
Inclusions
- metachromatic granules - polysaccaride granules - lipid inclusions - sulfur granules - carboxyzomes - magnetosomes - gas vesicles
88
Endospores
"resting cells" - highly resistant - heat, desiccation, chemicals, and UV light - not for reproduction
89
Formation of endospores thru sporulation/sporogenesis
- begins when a key nutrient ,C,N, becomes scarce - 1. a newly replicated bacterial chromosome and portion of cytoplasm are isolated by an ingrowth of plasma membrane - ingrowth becomes a double-layered membrane that surrounds the chromo and plasm - thick layers of PTG are put between the two membrane layers - spore coat of protein surrounds the outside membrane - original cell is degraded and the endospore is released

microbiology (5 decks)

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