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microbiology > Chapters 1 > Flashcards

Chapters 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are microorganisms?

A
  • too small to be seen with naked eye
  • true cellular forms
  • ubiquitous
  • helpful and problematic
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2
Q

Scope and relevance of microorganism-

A
  • 1st living things on planet
  • live everywhere life is possible
  • largest component of earth’s biomass
  • ecosystems depend on their activities
  • contribute 40% of earth’s oxygen
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3
Q

Why study microorganisms?

A
  • recycle vital element
  • bioremediation - remove pollutants
  • agriculture - nat. pesticide from spores
  • biotechnology/ genetic engineering
  • food micro - yeast in beer
  • industrial micro - solvant, adhesives
  • normal microbiota - humans- inhibit pathogen growth
  • disease causings- pathogens >1%
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4
Q

Common ancestor

A 
give rise to 3 domains of life
Two Prokaryotic
 - bacteria and archaea
One Eukaryotic
 - Eukarya
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5
Q

Prokaryoyes

A

Asexual; unicellular, no membrane bound organelles

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6
Q

Type of Prokaryotes

A

Archaea- not known to be human pathogens
- usually found in extreme environments
Bacteria - some pathenogenic
- multiple morphological and physiological
differences from archeae

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7
Q

Eukaryotes

A

unicellular or multicellular; sexual and asexual reproduction; multiple membranous organelles

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8
Q

Types of eukaryotes

A

Plants, animals- Helminths- paracitic worms, have micro lifestage, fungi- yeast, mildew
protists- single celled- algae, protozoa

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9
Q

Algae

A

unicellular or multi; photsynthetic; high morphological diversity; not pathogenic

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10
Q

Fungi

A

uni and multicellular; absorb nutrients from their environments; primarily opportunistic pathogens

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11
Q

Protozoa

A
  • unicellular
  • most are mobile- pseudopods, flagella, cillia
  • absorb nutrients from environment or live as parasites
  • many are pathenogenic
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12
Q

Helminths

A
  • Multi-cellular animals
  • Flatworms and round worms
  • many are pathogenic
  • only some life stages are microscopic
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13
Q

Viruses

A
  • obligatory intracellular parasite
  • no true cellular organization
  • living or non-living??
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14
Q

1 angstrom

A

10^-10 meter

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15
Q

1 micron

A

10^-6 meter

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16
Q

Robert Hooke

A

1665 saw cells through a microscope- cells

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17
Q

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

A

1673 animalcules- made better microscopes and saw living cells

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18
Q

Schleiden and Schwann

A

1838/39 Cell theory recognized some are unicellular and others are multi-cellular

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19
Q

Franscesco Redi

A

1668 Spontaneous Generation performed an experiment that disproved spontaneous generation- jars with meat and fly larvae

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20
Q

Cell Theory

A

All living things are made up of cells

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21
Q

Spontaneous Generation

A

life can arise from non-living matter

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22
Q

John Needham

A

1745- experimented with broth to show that spon. gen. can happen with microorganisms

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23
Q

Lazzaro Spallanzani

A

1765- reproduced Needham’s experiment to show spon. gen. was not possible

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24
Q

Rudolf Virchow

A

1855- biogenesis

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25
Biogenesis
living cells can only arise from preexisting living cells
26
Louis Pasteur
1861- "Father of Immunology" - aseptic techniques - swan neck flask - fermentation - pasteurization
27
Aseptic techniques
prevent contamination of unwanted microorganism
28
Pateurization
heating beer or wine just enough to kill most of the bacteria that cause spoilage
29
Fermentation
yeasts convert sugars to alcohol in the abscence of air
30
sepsis | asepsis
contamination | not contaminated
31
Golden Age of Microbiology
1874 - 1914
32
Supporters of theories that invisible agents cause disease
Ignaz Semmelweis 1840 Joseph Lister 1867 John Tyndall
33
Ignaz Swemmelweis
Childbed fever- death after childbirth
34
Joseph Lister
Aseptic surgery- blood bacteria- clean surgery, chemical used to sterilize instruments
35
John Tyndall
Had same idea as Pasteur- filter air cannot contaminate
36
Disease meant what at this time?
Punishment or possession from God
37
Germ Theory of Disease
Idea that microorganisms might cause
38
Robert Koch
1876 -developed Koch's Postulates- sequence of steps to relate a specific microb to a specific diease - direct contact with microb to get disease - anthrax
39
Walther Hesse
1882 - discovered agar to solidify- worked in Koch's lab
40
Edward Jenner
1798- discovered a milkmaid who had cowpox cannot get small pox- tested on a boy and was correct- called vaccine
41
immunity
protection from disease provided by vaccination/ or by recovery from the disease itself
42
Disease
any change in the normal stage of health
43
Luis Pasteur 1880
came out with rabies vaccine; tested chickens
44
Vaccine
cultures of avirulent microorganisms used for preventative inoculation
45
virulence
ability to cause disease
46
Chemotherapy
chemical treatment of disease
47
Selective toxicity
chemicals that kill pathogens with little to no harm to the host
48
Paul Ehrlich
- speculated a "magic bullet" could hunt down and destroy pathogens with out harming the infected host - found salvarsan- treatment for syphilis-arsenic derivative
49
Antibiotics
chemicals produced naturally by bacteria or fungi to act against other microorganisms
50
synthetic drugs
chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals in the laboratory
51
Alexander Fleming
1928- discovered properties of penicillin- active inhibitor of Penicillium chrysogenum - discovered by accident
52
Penicillin
an antibiotic produced by fungus
53
Gerhard Domagk & Ernest Fourneau
1935-36 - developed sulfa drugs- treats infectious diseases
54
Selman Waksman
1940- Nobel Prize for antibiotic for strep-isolated from Steptomyces
55
Howard Florey & Ernest Chain
1940- preformed clinical tests and mass produced penicillin
56
Problems with modern chemotherapeutics
- toxicity - resistance - lack of adequate anti-viral drugs - microbes resistant
57
Infectious disease remains a threat...
750 million cases each yr in US
58
Emerging diseases
spreading again in different locations
59
Factors associated with emerging diseases
- microbial evolution-changing - Changing human behavior/lifestyles-high - Complacency of human population- no precautions - population expansion/global travel-risk
60
1918-1919 | 2009
50 million people died from Spanish Flu(Swine flu) | 18,000 people died
61
Jump Species
human can be the host

microbiology (5 decks)

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