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Introduction to Computer Science > Chapter 4 (Pt. 1) > Flashcards

Chapter 4 (Pt. 1) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the fundamental building blocks of all computer systems?

A
  • Binary Represenation
  • Boolean Logic
  • Gates
  • Circuits
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2
Q

How are numeric and textual information represented?

A

Two types of information representation

  • External Represenation
  • Internal Represenation

Binary represenation is a base-2 positional numbering system.

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3
Q

How do we convert from binary-to-decimal?

A
  • Whenever there is a 1 in a column, add the positional value of that column to a running sum
  • Whenever there is a 0 in a column, add nothing
  • The final sum is the decimal value of this binary number.
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4
Q

What are the preset limiations to binary storage?

A

Maximum number of binary digits that can be used to store integers: 16, 32, or 64 bits.

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5
Q

Define:

Arithmetic Overflow

A

Operation that produces an unasigned value greater than 65,535; 16 bit system.

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6
Q

What is the alternative name to the base 8 system?

A

Octal Numbering Sytem

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7
Q

How do you convert from binary to base eight (vice versa)? from base ten to eight (vice versa)?

A

To covert from binary to base eight: group in threes.

To convert from eight to binary: expand in threes.

From ten to eight: use binary as the intermediate.

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8
Q

What is the alternative name for base sixteen?

A

Hexadecimal Numbering System

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9
Q

How do you convert from binary to base sixteen (vice versa)? from ten to base sixteen (vice verse?

A

To convert from binary to base sixteen: group in fours.

To convert from base sixteen to binary: expand in fours.

To convert from base ten to sixteen use binary as an intermediate.

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10
Q

How are fractional numbers represented in binary?

A

Can be represented in binary by using signed integer techniques; assigned a specific bit(s) as indicators for decimal or cutoff.

Normalize the number

  • First significant digit is immediately to the right of the binary point
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11
Q

How is scientific notation represented in binary?

A
  • ±M x B±E
  • M is the mantissa, B is the exponent base (usually 2), and E is the exponent
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12
Q

How is textual information encoded in binary?

A

Code mapping

  • Assigning each printable letter or symbol in our alphabet a unique number

ASCII

  • International standard for representing textual information in the majority of computers
  • Uses 8 bits to represent each character.
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13
Q

Describe encoding systems.

A
  • Encoding systems are used to assign a number for each letter or character
  • There are many possible encoding systems, with each one using its own assignment
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14
Q

What are certain pitfalls of different enconding systems?

A
  • Any given computer needs to support different encodings
  • When data is passed between different encodings or platforms, the data runs th risk of corruption.
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15
Q

Define:

Unicode

A
  • An international encoding standard for use with different languages and scripts.
  • Each letter, digit, or symbol is assigned a unique numeric value that applies across different platforms, program and languages.
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16
Q

Why is unicode so beneficial?

A
  • Unicode standard has been adopted by industry leaders
  • Unicode enables a single software product or website to be targeted across multiple platforms, languages and countries without re-engineering.
  • The Unicode consortium was founded to develop, extend and promote the use of the Unicode Standard.
17
Q

What are the different types of encoding?

A

UTF - 8

  • Variable byte representation
    • 1 byte to 4 bytes per code point
  • First 128 characters are encoded just like ASCII

UTF - 16

  • Variable byte representation
  • 2 bytes to 4 bytes per code point
  • Optimized for languages residing in the 2 bytes character range

UTF - 32

  • Fixed width byte representation
  • 4 bytes per code point
18
Q

How are characters assigned numbers in unicode?

A

Characters are assigned a number written in the U+XXX form.

  • Called a Code Point
  • Example: U+0041
  • The numbers are hexadecimal
    • Listed on the Unicode website
  • Hellow is represented by a list of points
    • U+0048 | U+0065 | U+006C | U+006F
19
Q

What are the differences in enconding between different versions of python?

A

Python 2

  • Enconding is ASCII
  • Not all python 2 internal supports Unicode

Python 3

  • ”< type ‘str’ >” is a Unicode Object
  • All built-in modules support Unicode
  • Default enconding is UTF-8, not ASCII
20
Q

Define:

Digital Representation

A

Values for a given object are drown from a finite set.

21
Q

Define:

Analog Representation

A

Object can take on any value

22
Q

What does amplitude measure?

A

It measures loudness

  • Units: Electrical Voltage
23
Q

What does period measures?

A

Time it takes for the wave to make on complete cycle

  • Units: Time (Seconds)
24
Q

What does frequency measure?

A

Total number of cycles per unit time

  • Units: Hertz (Hz)
25
Q

Define:

Sampling Rate

A

Measures how many times per second we sample the amplitude of the sound wave.

26
Q

Define:

Bit Depth

A

Also known as Sampling Precision; the number of bits used to encode each sample.

27
Q

Define:

MP3

A

Most popular and widely used digital audio format

  • wave files also exist but less popular.
28
Q

Define:

Scanning

A

Measuring the intesity values of distinct points located at regular intervals across the image’s surface.

29
Q

How qualitative are CD recordings?

A
  • Sampling rate: 44,000 times per second
  • Lower sampling rate produces distortions detectable to the human ear.
30
Q

What role do bit-systems play in bit depth or sampling precision?

A
  • 1 byte (8 bits) can represent 256 levels (28 levels)
  • 2 byte (16 bits) can represent 65,536 (216 levels)
31
Q

How is the resolution of an image determined?

A

The density of pixels used to represent the image

32
Q

If you were to superimpose a grid on an image, how would you store the information of the image?

A
  • Only store one color of information for each square of the grid.
  • For a given image, more squares increases the resolution.
33
Q

Which are the common units of resolution?

A
  • Dots per inch (example: 72 dpi)
  • Pixels: (example: 640 x 480 pixels)
34
Q

Define:

Raster Graphics

A
  • Each pixel is encoded as an unsigned binary value representing its gray scale intensity
  • Individual pixels can be edited
  • Number of bits used for each pixel affects image quality and amount of memory needed to store the image.
35
Q

Define:

RGB Encoding Scheme

A

Most common format for storing color images

Specify the red component, the green component and the blue component separately.

True Color

  • 24-bit color-encoding scheme
  • 8 bits per color (Red, Green, Blue)

Introduction to Computer Science (6 decks)

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