Chapter 4 quiz

Question 1

Tariq is the first one to hand in the exam in psychology class. The instructor is committing the fundamental attribution error if he infers that Tariq:

. gave up because he didnt know any of the answers
. is in a hurry to get to his next class
. studied well and found the test to be very easy
. is the most impatient person in the class

Answer 1

is the most impatient person in the class

Question 2

One example of how our perception of others is influenced by appearance and other superficial characteristics is the finding that:

. fictional characters with old fashioned names are judged to be more intelligent than fictional characters with contemporary names
. adults with mature-looking features tend to be seen as kind, naive, and honest, while baby-faced adults tend to be seen as strong, dominant, and competent
. crime suspects who wear black are judged to be less aggressive than those who wear lighter colors
. baby-faced defendants accused of intentional crimes are more likely to be found innocent than defendants with mature facial features.

Answer 2

baby-faced defendants accused of intentional crimes are more likely to be found innocent than defendants with mature facial features

Question 3

The two-step model of the attribution process involves attributes that are ___ and situational variables that require ____

. specific; generalisation
. general; specification
. conscious; automatic adjustment
. automatic; conscious adjustment

Answer 3

automatic; conscious adjustment

Question 4

According to Kelly’s convariation theory, people use three kinds of convariation information to attribute behaviour. These are:

. criticism, emotions and attitudes
. actions, emotions, and attitudes
. consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency
. choice, expectancies and consequences

Answer 4

consensus, distrinctiveness and consistency

Question 5

People appear to differ along five broad personality factors. Which of the personality factors do observers most easily discern?

. agreeableness
. emotional stability
. conscientiousness
. extroversion

Answer 5

extroversion

Question 6

Heider grouped all attribution explanations into two categories:

. conscious and unconscious
. personal and situational
. simple and complex
. inherited and learned

Answer 6

personal and situational

Question 7

Hansen and Hansen found that people are more likely to pick out a discrepant ____ face from a crowd than a discrepant ___ face

. angry; happy
. sad;happy
. disgusted; angry
. surprised; sad

Answer 7

angry; happy

Question 8

Which of the following is using the available heuristic?

. people who assume that Nancy is not feminine because she owns a motorbike
. samir, who prefers to drive rather than fly because the vivid pictures of the latest plane crash are still etched on his mind
. those who assume that Ron is dishonest because he never makes eye contact
. people who assume that because Nguyen is quiet and thoughtful, he is also socially anxious

Answer 8

samir, who prefers to drive rather than fly because the vivid pictures of the latest plane crash are still etched on his mind

Question 9

The actor-observer effect is the tendency to make personal attributions for the behaviour of ___ and situational attributions for ___

. friends; strangers
. others; ourselves
. strangers; friends
. ourselves; others

Answer 9

others; ourselves

Question 10

In a 1995 study of Olympic Games silver and bronze medal winners, Medevec found that:

. silver medal winners were happier than bronze medal winners
. bronze medal winners were happier than silver medal winners
. both types of medal winners were equally disappointed
. both types of medal winners were equally happy

Answer 10

bronze medal winners were happier than silver medal winners

Question 11

When people are trying to deceive, the surest way to tell is to pay attention to their:

. voices
. facial expressions
. words
. body gestures

Answer 11

voices

Question 12

One consequence of the belief in a just world is that:

. eyewitnesses to crimes are eager to testify against criminals
. rape victims are believed to have contributed to their own victimization
. in general, policemen are highly respected in society
. most people make generous contributions to and sympathize with the poor and the needy

Answer 12

rape victims are believed to have contributed to their own victimization

Question 13

The tendency to focus on people’s personality traits and ignore ___ when explaining behaviour is called the fundamental attribution error

. internal factors
. situational variables
. their attitudes
. unconscious motives

Answer 13

situational variables

Question 14

People who buy lottery tickets with high hopes of winning and remain oblivious to the odds are demonstrating:

. fundamental attribution error
. counterfactual thinking
. false-consensus effect
. the base-rate fallacy

Answer 14

the base-rate fallacy

Question 15

In Asch’s experiment on the primacy effect, what type of impression did participants form when they were told that a person was “envious, stubborn, critical, impulsive, industrious and intelligent”?

. a negative impression, based solely on the first trait
. a negative impression, based on the average of the first and last traits
. a neutral impression, based on the average of all the traits
. a positive impression, based solely on the last trait

Answer 15

a negative impression, based solely on the first trait

Question 16

What were the findings of the “pygmalion in the classrom” study?

. high IQ scores resulted in high teacher expectations
. high teacher expectations resulted in an increase in IQ scores
. low teacher expectations resulted in a decrease in IQ scores
. low IQ scores resulted in low teacher expectations

Answer 16

high teacher expectations resulted in an increase in IQ scores

Question 17

The theory that describes how people explain the causes of others behaviour is:

. implicit personality theory
. the confirmation bias
. attribution theory
. the primacy effect

Answer 17

attribution theory

Question 18

The tendency to seek, interpret, and create information that verifies existing beliefs is the:

. false consensus effect
. confirmation bias
. primacy effect
. base-rate fallacy

Answer 18

confirmation bias

Question 19

Five-year old Nandita is looking forward to her next birthday party. She repeatedly tells her mother everything that will happen during the event. She correctly lists all the sequential details. In other words, Nandita has mastered the:

. availability heuristic
. situational attribution
. self-fulfilling prophecy
. script

Answer 19

script

Question 20

The tendency to provoke behaviour that confirms our expectations is called the:

. overjustification effect
. belief perseverance
. confirmation bias
. self-fulfilling prophecy

Answer 20

self-fulfilling prophecy