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B2 - Biology > Chapter 4 - Respiration > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Respiration Flashcards

0
Q

what does aerobic mean ?

A

Something that requires oxygen

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1
Q

Word equation for aerobic respiration ?

A

carbon dioxide ( is breathed out ) + water ( kept in the body of lost through sweating or breathing) + energy WHICH IS RELEASED NOT PRODUCED

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2
Q

State some uses of energy in animals and plants ?

A

1 plants build amino acids from sugars & nitrates - both plants and animals build these into larger proteins
2 warm Blooded animals generate a lot of heat to keep their body at a constant temperature
3 animals use energy to contract muscles throughout their body for movement

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3
Q

Why does repatriation have to be continual in plant and animal cells?

A

It is constant because cells constantly need to release energy from glucose (respiration) to be able to function

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4
Q

Where does aerobic respiration occur ?

A

Inside the mitochondria in every cell, where they have a folded membrane covered in enzymes

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5
Q

Why do ( give examples ) some cella need more mitochondria?

A

Because they need to release MORE energy for processes like movement

Eg :
sperm cells
Muscle cells
Ciliated cells

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6
Q

Describe the test for carbon dioxide

A

Blowing through limewater ( a solution of calcium hydroxide ) as limewater turns cloudy in the presence of carbon dioxide

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7
Q

What do all animals and plants produce as a by product of aerobic respiration? And how regularly ?

A

All the time they produce carbon dioxide as a by product

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8
Q

Why does breathing rate increase during exercise ?

A
  • more oxygen can be delivered to the muscles
  • more glucose to the muscles
  • faster removal of carbon dioxide
  • faster removal of lactic acid
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9
Q

Why does your heart rate increase during exercise ?

A

Because more blood must be supplied to the muscle cells, so the heart beats harder and faster

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10
Q

Equation for anaerobic respiration ?

A

Glucose - lactic acid + energy

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11
Q

What affect does the build up of lactic acid have on muscle activity ?

A

It stops muscle fibres from contacting efficiently causing muscle fatigue

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12
Q

Why is anaerobic respiration less efficient than aerobic respiration ?

A

It only releases around 5 percent molecule of glucose than aerobic respiration
Rhe waste product is lactic acid rather than carbon dioxide and water

  • incomplete breakdown of glucose
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13
Q

What is the word equation for the breakdown of lactic acid ?

A

Lactic acid + oxygen - carbon dioxide + water

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14
Q

Define oxygen debt ?

A

The amount of oxygen needed to oxidise lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water ( the oxygen you have to put back in )

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15
Q

What substance gives the correct PH for enzyme action in the stomach ?

A

Hydrochloric acid

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16
Q

How would a baby food be used to pre treat baby food ? What affect would it have on it ?

A
  • breaks down / digests food from protein to amino acids

- makes them softer or funnier

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17
Q

Explain how proteins are digesters using protease ?

A
  • protease enzymes are produced by the stomach, pancreas and small intestine
  • no digestion occurs in the pancreas the enzymes just flow to the small intestine
  • proteins are digested into amino acids in your stomach and small intestine
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18
Q

Explain how carbohydrates are digested using enzymes ?

A
  • amylase produced in salivary glands where digestion starts
  • amylase is also made in the pancreas & small intestine but NO DIGESTION OCCURS IN THE PANCREAS
  • the enzymes flow into the small intestine where most of the starch is digested
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19
Q

Explain how fats are digested?& what enzymes digest fats?

A

LIPIDS are broken down into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine, using lipase enzymes

  • these are made in the pancreas and small intestine,
  • no digestion occurs in the pancreas so it flows to the small intestine
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20
Q

What happens once your food molecules have been completely digested ?

A 
Once they are : 
Glucose
Amino acids
Fatty acids
Glycerol

They leave your small intestine to be passed into your bloodstream, and carried to the cells which need rhem

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21
Q

What is the name of the process which makes lactic acid in muscles?

A

Anaerobic respiration

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22
Q

When you run faster why is more lactic acid made?3

A

More energy is needed
Not enough oxygen can be supplied to muscles
So more anaerobic respiration

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23
Q

Why do plants need a supply of nitrogen?

A

To make protein

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24
Q

What ion do plants take in to supply them with nitrogen?

A

Nitrate

25
Q

Carbon dioxide is removed from the body by the?

A

Lung

26
Q

How do plants get energy?

A

Light is trapped by chloroplasts

27
Q

How do plants use the glucose they make?

A

Starch and fat for storage
To make amino acids
To make cellulose

28
Q

How are chemical reactions inside cells controlled?

A

Using enzymes

29
Q

What chemical reactions occur during aerobic respiration?

A

Releasing energy

Using glucose and oxygen

30
Q

Where do most aerobic respiration reactions occur?

A

In the mitochondria

31
Q

Why does an organism use energy released during respiration?

A
  • to build larger molecules from smaller ones
  • in animals (to enable muscles to contract)
  • in mammals and birds (to maintain a steady body temperature in colder surroundings)
  • in plants (to build sugars, nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids which are then built up into proteins)
32
Q

In plants what do they use energy for?

A

To build sugars nitrates and other nutrients into amino acids
Which are then built up into proteins

33
Q

During exercise, what changes occur in the body?

A

Heart rate increases

Rate and depth of breathing increase

34
Q

During exercise, why is there an increase in heart rate and rate and depth of breathing?

A

To increase blood flow to muscles

So increase the supply of sugar and oxygen and increase the rate of removal of carbon dioxide

35
Q

How do muscles store glucose?

A

As glycogen

36
Q

Why do muscles store glucose as glycogen?

A

So that it can be then converted back to glucose for use during exercise

37
Q

When does anaerobic respiration occur?

A

If there is insufficient oxygen reaching the muscles

38
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The incomplete breakdown of glucose and produces lactic acid

39
Q

Why is much less energy produced in anaerobic respiration?

A

The breakdown of glucose is incomplete

40
Q

Why does oxygen debt have to be repaid?

A

In order to oxide lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water

41
Q

What does fatigue mean?

A

They stop contracting efficiently

42
Q

How is lactic acid removed?

A

Blood flowing through the muscles removing the lactic acid

43
Q

Name a cause of muscle fatigue?

A

Build up of lactic acid in the muscles

44
Q

Why do mitochondria have a folded inner membrane?

A

This provides a large surface area for enzymes involved in aerobic respiration

45
Q

How can you tell how active a cell is?

A

Number of mitochondria

46
Q

In animals, why do is respiration needed?

A

Muscles contract

Heart beats, you breathe, gut churns

All muscular activities use energy

47
Q

Why do living cells need respiration?

A

They need energy for basic functions

They build large molecules from smaller ones to make new cell material

Much of the energy released in respiration is used for synthesis reactions

Eg sugars,nitrates–> amino acids —> proteins

48
Q

Why do mammals need respiration?

A

Mammals and birds keep their bodies at a constant temperature inside almost regardless of the temperature of their surroundings

on cold days you will use the energy to keep warm
On warm days this energy is used to sweat and keep your body cool

49
Q

How do muscles store glucose?

A

As the carbohydrate glycogen

50
Q

Muscle tissue is made up of what?

A

Protein fibres

51
Q

When muscle tissue is supplied with energy from respiration what happens?

A

Protein fibres contract as muscle fibres need a lot of energy to contract

52
Q

What happens to heart rate and the arteries when muscular activity increased?

A

Heart rate increases arteries supplying blood to muscles dilate

The changes increases the blood flow to the exercising muscles
This increasing the supply of oxygen and glucose to the muscles
It also increases the rate tjay carbon dioxide is removed from the muscles

53
Q

What happens to breathing rate when muscular activity increases?

A

More often
Bring more air into your lungs each time you breathe in
More oxygen is brought into your body and picked up by the red blood cells
Oxygen is carried to exercising muscles
More carbon dioxide removed from blood in lungs when we breathe out

54
Q

Benefits of exercise?

A

Heart and lungs become larger

They develop a bigger and more efficient blood supply

55
Q

How is lactic acid removed?

A

Blood flowing through the muscles removed lactic acid

56
Q

Definition of oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen needed to break down the lactic acid to carbon dioxide and water is known as oxygen debt

57
Q

after a race, why does heart rate and breathing rate stay high?

A

To supply the extra oxygen needed to pay off the oxygen debt

58
Q

Why are cells produced by mitosis genetically identical?

A

DNA replicates

59
Q

With an anaerobic respiration, why does recovery take longer?

A

More anaerobic respiration
Greater oxygen debt
More lactic acid needed to breakdown
Higher blood flow needed to deliver more oxygen

60
Q

WHY DOES AEROBIC RESPIRATION OCCUR?

A

TO PROVIDE ENERGY

B2 - Biology (6 decks)

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