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B2 - Biology > Chapter 5 - Inheritance > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Inheritance Flashcards

0
Q

How many sets of chromosomes do sex cells have?

A

1 set

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1
Q

What is another name for sex cells?& when are they produced?

A

Gametes

Produced when cells in the sex organs divide by MEIOSIS

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2
Q

Explain how offspring produced by asexual reproduction are produced? And what do they contain?

A

Offspring produced by asexual reproduction are

  • produced by mitosis so
  • they contain all the same alleles as the parent cells
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3
Q

What is a gene?

A

A small section of DNA which controls a characteristic

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4
Q

Why does sexual reproduction result in variety?

A
  • each gamete is slightly different from the rest, containg a random mixture of the original chromosome pairs because of meiosis causing variety
  • also because the genetic information of both parents is combined
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5
Q

What is meant by mutation?

A

Change in the genetic composition of a cell

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6
Q

Describe the process of mitosis?

A

1 the cell copies the chromosome

2 this cell then split in two to form two disunited cells that are genetically identical

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7
Q

Who mainly carries out asexual reproduction?

A

Plants and bacteria

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8
Q

In mitosis, what shape do the chromosomes get copied in?

A

X

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9
Q

In mitosis, what do the 2 daughter cells look like?

A

Identical to the original parent cell

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10
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The complete set of chromosomes for a species called a karyotype

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11
Q

Explain the process of meiosis?

A

1 the DNA replicates so the chromosomes double
2 the pair of chromosomes line up then separate into 2 new cells
3 the chromosomes then split again into 4 cells

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12
Q

What does meiosis leave you with?

A

Half the number of normal chromosomes - instead of 46 each egg/ sperm will have 23 unpaired chromosomes

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13
Q

Why do all organisms need to produce new cells?

A

1 growth
2 repair of damaged tissues or replacement of worn out cells
3 asexual reproduction

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14
Q

What is DNA

A

The chemical which chromosomes are made from

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15
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

Thread like structure holding genes

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16
Q

How is genetic information found/carried?

A

It is carried as genes on chromosomes

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17
Q

What is a karyotype?

A

The complete set of chromosomes for a species

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18
Q

Why do organisms need to produce new cells?

A

1 growth
2 repair of damaged tissues / replacement of worn out cells
3 asexual reproduction

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19
Q

In Asexual production how are new cells produced? + what do they contain?

A

Mitosis so that they contain all the same alleles as the parent cells (contain all the genetic information of the previous cells)

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20
Q

What do all new cells formed by mitosis have to contain?

A

All the genetic information of the previous cells

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21
Q

What is mitosis?+ what does it produce

A

The division of cells which produces 2 genetically identical daughter cells

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22
Q

Another name for sex cells?

A

Gametes

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23
Q

When are gametes produced?

A

When cells in the sex organs divide by meiosis

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24
Q

Where is meiosis carried out?

2

A

The ovaries

The testes

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25
Q

Why do gametes only have one set of chromosomes?

A

If it didn’t during fertilisation when the sperm and egg fuse together the chromosome number would double in each successive generation so it prevents rhat

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26
Q

Why is the use and reaserch of stem cells socially and ethically controversial?

A
  • religious groups may feel it’s wrong
  • violation of the human rights of the embryo as it can’t give permission
  • they could cause cancer
  • reaserch ing could be slow expensive and hard to control
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27
Q

Describe the structure of DNA? & what is it made up of

A
  • A long stranded molecule

- made up of 4 chemical bases

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28
Q

How are proteins made specifically?

A

Each gene codes for a particular sequence of amino acids to make a specific protein

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29
Q

Describe some of the experiments carried out by Mendel using pea plants

A

Crossbreed different types of peas and recorded the types of offspring

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30
Q

How many chromosomes are there in the nucleus of a human nerve cell?

A

46

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31
Q

If the father has a genetic disorder why dosent the son neccesrily inherit it?

A
  • inherited from mother normal allele

- the allele for the disorder is recessive

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32
Q

How does a chromosome become two strands?

A

The DNA replicates

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33
Q

What type of cell division produces gametes ?

A

Meiosis

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34
Q

What is a dominant allele?

A

An allele that is expressed if just one copy of the allele is present

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35
Q

What is homozygous?

A

2 alleles of the same type are present

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36
Q

What is heterozygous?

A

Where one allele is dominant, one is recessive

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37
Q

What is phenotype?

A

The physical characteristic of an organism determined by its genotype

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38
Q

What is a genotype?

A

The genetic makeup of an organism displaying the different alleles inherited

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39
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes that cause various organs to be clogged by a thick sticky mucus

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40
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

An inherited disorder caused be a dominant allele

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41
Q

In mitosis what happens to the genetic material before the cell divides?

A

The genetic material is replicates

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42
Q

What does alleles mean?

A

Alternative forms of the same gene

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43
Q

What is meant by recessive?

A

An allele that is only expressed if two copies of it is inherited

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44
Q

Why would a child look similar to its parents?

A

The DNA is passed from the parens to the child in sexual reproduction

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45
Q

Why would a child not look identical to either of its parents?

A
  • they might have a mutation

- the genetic information is from two parents combined

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46
Q

What process is when an egg and sperm join together?

A

Fertilisation

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47
Q

Why did no one recognise mendals achievements until after he died?

A

No one had seen chromosomes and people didn’t understand, so he died without his work being recognised

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48
Q

How can stem cells be used to help treat medical conditions?

A

It’s possible to be able tot grow whole new organs from embryonic stem cells

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49
Q

Examples of stem cells used to treat disease?

A
  • infertility
  • blindness
  • being paralysed
  • spinal injuries
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50
Q

What is the function of stem cells?

A

Stem cells differentiate to form the specialised cells of your body that make up your various tissues and organs

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51
Q

How does differentiation differ in plant and animal cells?

A

Most types of animal cell differentiate at an early stage of development
Many plant cells can differentiate throughout their lives

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52
Q

What are unspecialised cells?

A

Stem cells

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53
Q

Name the sources of stem cells in humans

A

Embryos and bone marrow

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54
Q

Mitosis and meiosis differencesv

A 
Meiosis = producing gametes (egg or sperm)
Mitosis=  cell division
55
Q

Describe the structure of DNA

A

Two strands coiled into a double helix (a cross shape)

56
Q

In meiosis why is the halving of the chromosome number important?

A

Because when the sperm and egg fuse together during fertilisation the embryo produced has the normal number of 46 again

57
Q

What is the main purpose of meiosis and mitosis?

A

Mitosis - growth

Meiosis - variation

58
Q

What is an allele?

A

One form of a gene

59
Q

What is meant by recessive?

A

Not expressed if a dominant allele is present

60
Q

When an egg cell forms into an embryo what is this called?

A

Mitosis

61
Q

What is meant by recessive?

A

Not expressed if dominant allele is present

62
Q

What is genetic material made of?

A

DNA

63
Q

Give ethical objections to embryo screening?

A

May lead to damage to embryo

Embryo can’t give consent

64
Q

Arguments in favour of embryo screening?

A

Prevent having child with disorder - prevents future suffering
Embryo cells could be used in stem cell treatment

65
Q

How does a chromosome become two strands?

A

Copies of genetic material were made

66
Q

Explain why chromosomes must become two strands before the cell divides?

A

One copy of each chromosome to each offspring cell

Each offspring cell receives a complete set of genetic material

67
Q

Name the type of cell division that produces gametes?

A

Meiosis

68
Q

What happens to the genetic material before a cell divides?

A

It duplicates

69
Q

Why can variety come out of sexual reproduction?

A

Fertilisation occurs
Leading to mixing genetic information
Meiosis causes variation

70
Q

What is meant by an allele?

A

Alternative forms of the same gene

71
Q

What is affected by cystic fibrosis?

A

Cell membranes

72
Q

Why do you inherit characteristics?

A

You receive either two recessive from either parent or one dominant gene from one parent

73
Q

What does a cell use a gene code for?

A

To use amino acids in the specific order to manufacture protein or enzymes or hormones

74
Q

What does a child only inherit half characteristics from each parent?

A

Gametes contain onl half genetic information due to meiosis

75
Q

Where is DNA found in a human cell?

A

In the chromosomes

In the nucleus

76
Q

How do body cells divide?

A

By mitosis

77
Q

When a body cell divides by mitosis what happens?

A

Copies of the genetic material are made

The cell divides once to form two genetically identical body cells

78
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

During growth or to produce replacement cells

79
Q

Where is the genetic information contained?

A

The chromosomes

80
Q

What do body cells contain?

A

Two sets of chromosomes

81
Q

What do gametes contain?

A

Only one set of chromosomes

82
Q

How do cells in reproductive organs divide?

A

To form gametes

83
Q

When does mitosis occur?

A

During growth

Or to produce replacement cells

84
Q

What is meiosis?

A

When a cell divides to form gametes

85
Q

What happens during meiosis?

A

Copies of genetic information are made
The cell divides twice to form four gametes
Each with a single set of chromosomes

86
Q

What happens when gametes join at fertilisation?

A

Single body cell with new pairs of chromosomes is formed

A new individual then develops by this cell repeatedly diving by mitosis

87
Q

In mature animals, what is cell division restricted to?

A

Repair and replacement

88
Q

What is the definition of a dominant allele?

A

An allele that controls the development of a characteristic when it is present on only one of the chromosomes

89
Q

What is the definition of a recessive allele?

A

An allele controls the development of characteristics only if the dominant allele is not present

90
Q

What are chromosomes made up of?

A

Large molecules of DNA

91
Q

What is the structure of chromosomes?

A

Double helix structure

92
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A particular combination of amino acids which make a specific protein

93
Q

What cells from humans can be made to differentiate into many different types of cells?

A

Human embryos
Bone marrow

Called stem cells

94
Q

What conditions can stem cell be used to treat?

A

Paralysis

95
Q

The cells of offspring produced by asexual production at produced by what?

A

Mitosis from the parental cells

96
Q

Why does sexual reproduction give rise to variation?

A

When gametes dude one of each pair of alleles comes from each parent

97
Q

In females what are the sex chromosomes?

A

The same

XX

98
Q

In makes what are the sex chromosomes?

A

They are different

XY

99
Q

In human body cells what chromosomes carries the genes that determine sex?

A

One of the 23 pairs of chromosomes carries the genes that determine the sex

100
Q

What is polydactyly?

A

Having extra fingers or toes

101
Q

What is polydactyly caused from?

A

It’s caused by a dominant allele of a gene

And can therefore be passed on by only one parent who has the disorder

102
Q

What is cystic fibrosis?

A

A disorder of cell membranes

103
Q

Describe cystic fibrosis?

A

Had to be inherited from both parents
Parents may be carriers of the disorder without having T the disorder themselves
Caused by a recessive allele or a gene

104
Q

Why did Mendel become a monk?

A

To get an education

105
Q

What did Mendel find from cross breeding plants?

A

That the characteristics were inherited in clear and predictable patterns

106
Q

Why did no one recognise mendels work?

A

No one knew about genes or chromosomes so people didn’t understand his theories
He was a monk and didn’t carry such credibility

107
Q

What are genes?

A

Smal sections of DNA

108
Q

What does DNA carry?

A

The instructions to make the proteins that form most of the cell structures
These proteins include the enzymes that control cell chemistry

109
Q

What is DNA made of?

A

A combination of four different chemical bases

These are grouped into three and each group of three codes for an amino acid

110
Q

What controls the order in which amino acids are put together?

A

The order of the chemical bases that make up DNA

111
Q

What do the order of bases control?

A

The order in which amino acids are put together so that they make a particular protein for use in your body cell
Each gene codes for a particular combination of amino acids which makes a specific protein

112
Q

What happens if there is a change or mutation in a single group of bass?

A

The whole protein structure and the way it works

113
Q

What does each gene code for?

A

A particular combination of amino acids

Which makes a specific protein

114
Q

What is an exception of having unique DNA?

A

Having a twin

115
Q

What are DNA fingerprints?

A

Patterns of DMA

116
Q

What can DNA fingerprints be used for?

A

Solving crimes

Finding the biological father of a child when there is a doubt

117
Q

Where is DNA found in a human cell?

A

In the chromosomes

In the nucleus

118
Q

How do plants use the glucose they make?

A 
Converted to starch for storage
To make amino acids
To make cellulose
To make fat or oil for storage 
For active transport
119
Q

Why does a person usually inherit two alleles of each gene?

A

One from egg

One from sperm

120
Q

Properties of meiosis?

A 
sexual
Occurs in ovary or tested
Half number of chromosomes (23)
Variation
4 gametes produced
2 divisions
121
Q

Properties of mitosis?

A 
Asexual
Occurs in cells 
Same number of chromosomes (46)
Identical 
2 cells produced
1 division
122
Q

Why might a genetic prediction not be right?

A

Chance which two gametes fuse

123
Q

Difference between alleles and genes?

A 
Alleles = different forms of a gene controlling a characteristic 
Genes = pieces of DNA on chromosomes carrying information that determines the characteristic
124
Q

What is homozygous? With examples.

A

Possessing identical alleles

BB
bb

125
Q

What is heterozygous? With an example.

A

Carrying different alleles

Eg Bb

126
Q

Each gene contains a code. What is this for?

A

Combine amino acids in the correct order

To make protein

127
Q

What do we call inherited factors?

A

Genes

128
Q

How are inherited factors passed from generation to generation?

A

Gametes in sex cells

129
Q

Advantages of stem cells?

A

Can be grown in stem cells in a laboratory in large numbers

Can be used to treat human diseases

130
Q

Disadvantages of stem cells?

A

Could grow out of control
Expensive
Take drugs for rest of life

131
Q

Why is breathing rate and amount of oxygen used still high after exercise?

A

Repay oxygen debt

Break down lactic acid into water and carbon dioxide

132
Q

How do plants get energy?

A

Light energy is trapped by chlorophyll in chloroplasts

133
Q

HOW DO PLANTS USE GLUCOSE

A 
To make starch for storage
To make fats and oils for storage 
To make amino acids 
To make cellulose 
For active transport
134
Q

How does a fertilised egg undergo cell division?

A

Mitosis

135
Q

What is evidence something is recessive?

A

Skips a generation

136
Q

Why is biogas pumped into a generator instead of air?

A

Best temperature for respiration for microorganism

Higher rate of biogas production

B2 - Biology (6 decks)

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