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Psychology 101 > Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Sensation and Perception Flashcards

1
Q

the stimulation of sense organs.

A

Sensation

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2
Q

translating sensory input into something meaningful, such as your best friend’s face or other environmental stimuli is an example of:

A

perception

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3
Q

the selection, organization, and interpretation of sensory input

A

Perception

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4
Q

involves the absorption of energy, such as light or sound waves, by sensory organs, such as the ears and eyes

A

Sensation

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5
Q

a condition in which perceptual or cognitive activities (e.g., listening to music, reading) trigger exceptional experiences (e.g., of colour, taste)

A

Synesthesia

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6
Q

specific stimuli are consistently and involuntarily associated with emotional responses

A

emotional synesthesia

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7
Q

a condition in which words, letters, or digits are associated reliably with specific colours

A

Grapheme–colour synesthesia

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8
Q

when tastes lead to specific feelings

A

taste–touch synesthesia

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9
Q

when words or names lead to taste sensations

A

word–taste synesthesia

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10
Q

when sounds/musical notes lead to colour sensations

A

sound–colour synesthesia

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11
Q

the study of how physical stimuli are translated into psychological experience

A

psychophysics

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12
Q

is a dividing point between energy levels that do and do not have a detectable effect.

A

Threshold

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13
Q

the minimum amount of stimulation that an organism can detect

A

Absolute threshold

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14
Q

is the smallest difference in the amount of stimulation that a specific sense can detect.

A

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

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15
Q

states that the size of a just noticeable difference is a constant proportion of the size of the initial stimulus

A

Weber’s Law

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16
Q

Proposes that the detection of stimuli involves decision processes as well as sensory processes, which are both influenced by a variety of factors besides stimulus intensity

A

Signal-detection theory

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17
Q

the registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

A

Subliminal perception

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18
Q

is a gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation.

A

Sensory adaptation

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19
Q

Neural tissue that receives light

A

Retina

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20
Q

a transparent “window” at the front of the eye

A

Cornea

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21
Q

the transparent eye structure that focuses the light rays falling on the retina.

A

Lens

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22
Q

occurs when the curvature of the lens adjusts to alter visual focus. When you focus on a close object, the lens of your eye gets fatter (rounder) to give you a clear image. When you focus on distant objects, the lens flattens out to give you a better image of the objects

A

Accomodation

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23
Q

the opening in the centre of the iris that helps regulate the amount of light passing into the rear chamber of the eye.

A

Pupil

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24
Q

coloured ring of muscle surrounding the pupil

A

Iris

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25
The movements that occus when our eyes are scanning the visual environment and making brief fixations at various parts of the stimuli
Saccades
26
The effect that occurs when horizontal eye movements are elicited before memory retrieval
Saccade induces retrieval enhancement effect
27
a place in the retina where the optic nerve fibres exit the eye
Optic Disk
28
Area of the optic disk where there are no photoreceptors
Blindspot
29
Photoreceptors responsible for daylight and colour vision
Cones
30
Photoreceptors responsible for night / peripheral vision
Rods
31
The area of the retina (towards the center) that contains exclusively cones. Highest level of acuity
Fovea
32
The retinal area that, when stimulated, affects the firing of that cell. Multiple signals are funneled to a particular visual cell in the retina (or ultimately in the brain)
Receptive field
33
the point at which the optic nerves from the inside half of each eye cross over and then project to the opposite half of the brain.
Optic chiasm
34
Major (90%) visual pathway: Eyes>Thalamus>Synapse>Occipital lobe (proimary visual cortex)
Lateral Geniculate Nucleus (LGN)
35
Secondary visual pathway (10%) Eyes>Midbrain>Thalamus>Occipital lobe
Superior Colliculus
36
Vision for action pathways (2)
Dorsal pathway - where
37
Vision for perception pathways (2)
Ventral pathway - what
38
the pathway that creates an internal representation of the real world
Perception (ventral, what)
39
The pathway that docuses on controlling actions directed towards objects
Vision for action (dorsal, where)
40
works by removing some wavelengths of light, leaving less light than was originally there. (paints adding together)
Subtractive colour mixing
41
works by superimposing lights, putting more light in the mixture than exists in any one light by itself (think spotlights layering)
Additive colour mixing
42
theory that states that we perceive color through the combined activity of three types of cone cells in our eyes, each sensitive to red, green, or blue light
Trichromatic theory
43
Variety of deficiencies that alter abilities to distinguish colours
Colour-blindness
44
People who are insensitice to one of the primary colour channels (RBG)
Dichromats
45
Pairs of colours that produce grey tones when mixed together
Complementary colours
46
The image that persists when stimulus is removed (appears as complementary colour)
Afterimage
47
The theory that states we perceive colours in opposing pairs
Opponent process theory
48
Opposing pairs: (3)
Blue + yellow Red + green Black + white
49
Three types of cones
Short waavelenth (blue) Medium wavelength (green) Long wavelength (red)
50
The readiness to perceive a stimulus in a particular way
Perceptual set
51
Failure to notice a seemingly obvious change
Change blindness
52
Failure to notice unexpected visual objects
Inattentional blindness
53
Detecting elements and assembling them into complex form
Feature analysis
54
Building up to an understanding/perception from small details
Bottom up processing
55
Using past experiences/expectations to understand smaller details
Top down processing
56
Form perception AKA...
Top down processing
57
Feature detection theory AKA...
Bottom up processing
58
The branch of psychology that states the whole can be greater than the sum of its parts
Gestalt psychology
59
The illusion of movement by visual stimulus being presented in rapid succession
PHI phenomenon
60
Stimuli at a distance/outside of body that can result in distortion
Distal stimuli
61
Stimuli that directly affects sensory receptors
Proximal stimuli
62
Interpretation of visual cues that indicate how distant objects are
Depth pereption
63
64
Clues about distance baed off differing views of both eyes
Binocular depth cues
65
The reason that when we receive two different images on each retina, it leads to a slightly different angles of the object allowing us to determine (some) depth
Retinal disparity
66
When the eyes move closer together as an object moves closer
Convergence
67
Distance clues based off of the image presented to one eye alone
Monocular depth cues
68
What is it called when objects at different distances appear to be moving at different speeds?
Motion parallax
69
Clues about distance that can be given in a flat picture
Pictoral depth cues
70
The tendency to experience a stable perception in the face of continually changing sensory input
Perceptual constancy
71
Inexplicable discrepancy between appearance of visual stimulus and its physical reality
Visual illusion
72
Sound is characterized by (3)
Amplitude (loudness - decibels) Wavelength (pitch - Hz) Purity (timbre)
73
74
The external ear relies on vibration of....
Air molecules
75
The middle ear relies on...
The vibration of bones
76
The inner ear relies on...
vibration of waves/fluid
77
The external ear consists of (2)
Pinna, eardrum
78
The middle ear consists of:
Ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup
79
The inner ear consists of...
Cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane
80
Sound receptor cells found in the basilar membrane
Hair cells
81
82
Where is the auditory cortex found?
Temporal lobe
83
The perception that pitch corresponds with vibrations in different areas along the basilar membrane
Place theory
84
The perception that pitch corresponds to the rate / frequency at which the entire basilar membrane vibrates
Frequency theory
85
The ability to locate the source of a sound in space
Auditory Localization
86
2 important features of auditory localization
1. Intensity (loudness) 2. TIming of arrival at each ear
87
Low frequency sound relies more on what type of differences?
Timing differences
88
High frequency sounds relyl more on what type of differences?
Intensity differences
89
Sensory system of taste
Gustatory system
90
Sensory system of smell
Olfactory system
91
Stimuli of the gustatory system
chemical substances dissolvable in water
92
Four primary tastes
Sweet, salty, sour, bitter (+ maybe umami)
93
Which area + which lobe is taste sent to?
Insular cortex of frontal lobe
94
People who are insensitive to PTC (phenythiiocarbamide)/PROP (Propylthiouracil) and have 1/4 of taste buds than the other side of the spectrum (makes up 25% pop.)
Nontasters
95
Have specialized taste receptors and more tastebuds than normal (makes up 25% of the population)
Supertasters
96
Respond similarly as supertasters, but less sensitive to bitter and sweet. (50% pop)
Medium tasters
97
Gradual decline in sensitivity with prolonged stimulation
Sensory adaptation
98
Perception of flavour combines... (3)
Taste, smell and tactile sensation of food in the mouth
99
Stimuli for olfactory system
Chemical substance dissolved in mucus
100
Smell is sent to (which area of cortex, which lobe)
Olfactory cortex in the temporal lobe
101
Chemical messages that can be sent from one organism to another within the same species
Pheromone
102
Stimuli for sense of touch: (3)
Chemical, mechanical, thermal
103
Where in the brain are touch sensations sent | Cortex + lobe
Somatosensory cortex in parietal lobes
104
Pathway in which pain travels to the cortex in a fraction of a second, sharp pain. Localized.
Fast pathway
105
Pathway that lags 1-2s behind fast pathway. Longer lasting, aching, burning pain. Also carries temperature information.
Slow pathway
106
Fast pathway contains which fibres?
A delta fibres (myelinated)
107
Slow pathway contains which fibres?
C fibres (unmyelinated)
108
Theory that suggests that incoming pain signals must pass through a gate in the spinal cord that can be closed, which may block ascending pain signals.
Gate control theory
109
System that monitors positions of body parts
Kinesthetic system
110
System that responds/ allows us to orient our bodies in relation to gravity. (found in the inner eaer)
Vestibular system
111
3 tubes in the inner ear that monitor fluid flow (past of vestibular system)
Semicircular canals

Psychology 101 (5 decks)

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