Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception and Chapter 5: States of Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
transduction
A
-signals from sensory organs are transformed into neural impulses
2
Q
sensory habituation
A
-perception of sensations is decreased as we become more accustomed to them
3
Q
selective inattention
A
-individual fails to recognize a stimulus that is directly in plain sight
4
Q
selective attention
A
-an individual fails to notice one stimulus due to concentration on another stimulus
5
Q
vision
A
- light enters the cornea (protective covering) to the pupil which opens (dilates) with the help of the iris
- the lens helps focus the light by changing shape through accommodation
- as it passes the lens, the image gets flipped upside down and inverted where it is projected onto the retina, activating neurons and causing transduction
- then enters the photoreceptors (rods: black and white vision, and cones: color vision)
- fovea: highest concentration of cones
- light then goes to bipolar cells and then ganglion cells where it is sent to the optic nerve to the thalamus to the visual cortex
6
Q
light
A
- visible light depends on brightness, wavelength
- longest to shortest wavelength: ROY G BIV
- longest to shortest wavelength: radio, infrared, visible, UV, x-ray, gamma rays
7
Q
blind spot
A
- no rods or cones due to the optic nerve leaving the blind spot
- spot where nerves cross each other is the optic chiasm
8
Q
feature detectors
A
Hubel and Wiesel discovered that different groups of neurons in the visual cortex respond to different visual images
9
Q
theories of color vision
A
- trichromatic theory: 3 types of cones that detect red, blue, and green light
- opponent-process theory: R-G, Y-B, B-W (one sensor is stimulated, the other is inhibited from firing)
10
Q
hearing
A
- sound waves are vibrations in the air
- amplitude: height of wave that determines loudness
- frequency: determines pitch
11
Q
outer ear
A
- pinna: collects sound waves
- travel down auditory canal where reaches the
- eardrum: thin tympanic membrane that vibrates as the sound waves hit
12
Q
middle ear
A
-ossicles: hammer, anvil, stirrup (3 bones attached to the eardrum that translate vibration to oval window)
13
Q
inner ear
A
- oval window: connects the middle ear to the inner ear, fluid moves when oval window vibrates
- cochlea: membrane attached to the oval window, is a spiral-shaped organ that transmits sound into signals that can be sent to the brain
- semi-circular ducts: filled with fluid; attached to cochlea and nerves; send information on balance and head position to the brain
- basilar membrane: divides cochlea in half, lined with hair cells (when fluid moves, the hair cells do too, causing transduction)
14
Q
place theory
A
- hair cells in cochlea respond to different frequencies of sound based on where they are located in the cochlea
- sense pitch because the hair cells move in different places in the cochlea (determines higher pitches)
15
Q
frequency theory
A
-lower tones are recognized by rate at which cells fire
16
Q
conduction deafness
A
- can’t properly conduct sound to the cochlea
- easier to treat
17
Q
Nerve (sensoneurial) deafness
A
-hair cells in cochlea are damaged, usually by loud noise
18
Q
touch
A
-nerve endings respond to temperature or pressure changes
19
Q
gate control theory
A
- when high priority message is sent, the gates swing open, and vice versa
- when scratch an itch, the low priority message causes the pain gates to close (don’t feel pain)
- endorphins swing the gate shut
20
Q
four universal flavors
A
sweet, salty, bitter, unami
21
Q
olfactory bulb
A
gathers messages from the olfactory receptor cells and send info to the brain
22
Q
limbic system
A
-amygdala, hippocampus
23
Q
vestibular sense
A
- tells our brain how our body is orientated
- when body is off balance, the sensors (hair-cells) in the semi-circular canals move, activating neurons
24
Q
kinesthesia
A
-receptors in our muscles and joints send info to our brain about our limbs allowing for the understanding of our orientation of body
25
absolute threshold
-smallest amount of stimulus we can detect
26
difference threshold
-smallest amount of change for us to notice the difference from the original intensity of the stimulus
27
psychophysics
-study of the interaction between sensation and perception
28
subliminal stimuli
-stimuli below the absolute threshold
29
Weber's Law
-difference between stimulus must vary by a percentage
30
signal detection theory
-investigates the distractions and interference we experience while perceiving the world
31
response criteria (receiver operating characteristics)
-how motivated we are to detect specific stimuli
32
false positive
-perceive a stimulus that isn't there
33
false negative
-not perceiving a stimulus that is there
34
perceptual set
-tendency to perceive something in a specific way
35
schema
-organized pattern of thought or behavior that organizes categories of information and the relationships among them
36
perceptual laws
- law of constancy
- law of proximity
- law of similarity
- law of closure
37
constancy
- size constancy
- shape constancy
- brightness (color) constancy
38
stroboscopic effect
-images presented at a fast pace will appear to move
39
phi phenomenon
-series of light turned on and off will be perceived as one line
40
autokinetic effect
-stare at a bright light for a long time, it will appear to move
41
interposition
-monocular cue that states that objects that block the view of other objects must be closer
42
relative size
-monocular cue that states closer objects are larger
43
texture gradient
-monocular cue that states that closer objects have more texture
44
retinal disparity
-binocular cue that states that each eye sees objects at a different angle
45
convergence
-binocular cue: as an object moves closer to our face, our eyes must move closer to stay focused
46
priming
-implicit memory effect in which exposure to a stimulus influences response to a later stimulus.
47
mere exposure effect
prefer stimuli we have seen before, even if we don't remember seeing it
48
nonconscious
-body processes that we are usually never aware of
49
preconscious
-information about the environment that you are not currently thinking about
50
subconscious
-information that we are not consciously aware of but we know must exist (mere exposure effect and priming)
51
unconscious
-some events and feelings are unacceptable to our conscious, but may still affect behavior
52
circadian rhythm
-metabolic and thought process pattern
53
sleep cycle
- 90 minute typical pattern of sleep
54
beta waves
-waves of an alert, wakeful person
55
alpha waves
-waves of a drowsy state
56
delta waves
-slow, large waves of NREM-3 and NREM-4 (deep sleep is when body regulates chemical and hormone supply)
57
hypnagogic sensation
-NREM-1 hallucination (sensory experience without a sensory stimulus)
58
sleep spindles
-NREM-2 sudden bursts of brain-wave activity
59
REM sleep
- paradoxical sleep because brain waves are active as if we were awake
- dreams
- as we age, amount of REM decreases, as we get stressed, it increases
60
narcolepsy
-periods of intense sleepiness at inappropriate times
61
sleep apnea
-person will stop breathing for a short time during the night (body will wake up slightly gasping for air, preventing deep sleep)
62
manifest content
-actual content of our dreams
63
latent content
-unconscious meaning of latent content
64
activation-synthesis theory
-dreams are biological phenomena for our body to explain the interpretations of physical experiences during REM
65
information-processing theory
-stress will increase the intensity of dreams during the night, as we integrate info processed during the day into our memories
66
posthypnotic amnesia
-people report forgetting events while hypnotized
67
posthypnotic suggestion
-suggestion that hypnotized person should act in a certain way after the person is brought out of hypnosis
68
Role Theory
-hypnosis is because some people have more hypnotic suggestibility (not an alternate state of consciousness)
69
state theory
-hypnosis is altered state of consciousness
70
-dissociation theory
-hypnosis causes us to divide our consciousness voluntarily
71
blood-brain barrier
-protects brain from harmful chemicals by surrounding the brain's blood vessels with a wall
72
antagonists
-mimic neurotransmitters by binding to receptors and blocking the normal neurotransmitters
73
agonists
-fit the receptor for the normal neurotransmitter and function as if it was the normal neurotransmitter
74
reverse tolerance
-second dose maybe smaller, but provide even greater effects than the first dose (hallucinogen)
75
opiates
- powerful painkillers and mood elevators due to the agonistic behavior modeling endorphins
- some of the most physically addictive drugs
