Chapter 4: The first two years; the social world Flashcards
Infants emotional expression
smiling and laughing: social smile (6 weeks), evoked by viewing human faces
anger: first expression at around 6 month, healthy response to frustration
sadness: indicates withdrawal and is accompanied by increased production of cortisol
stressful experience for infants
Infant emotional reaction
fear: emerges at age 9 months in response to people, things, or situations
stranger wariness: infant no longer smiles at any friendly face but cries or looks frightened when an unfamiliar person moves too close
separation anxiety: tears, dismay, or anger when a familiar caregiver leaves, if it remains strong after age 3, it may be considered an emotional disorder
toddlers emotions
new emotions require self awareness and awareness of others
pride
shame
embarrassment
guilt
gain emotional self regulation
self awarness
a persons realization that he or she is a distinct individual whose body, mind, and actions are separate from those of others
first 4 months: infants have no sense of self
5 months: infants begin to develop awareness of self
15 to 18 months: emergence of the me-self
temperament dimensions
three dimensions of temperament found: effortful control (regulating attention and emotion, self-soothing)
negative mood (fearful, angry, unhappy)
exuberant (active, social, not shy)
effects later personality and achievement
attachment
a lasting emotional bond that one person has with another
attachments begin to form in early infancy and influence a persons close relationships throughout life
secure attachment (attachment types)
an infant obtains both comfort and confidence from the presence of his or her caregiver
insecure avoidant attachment (attachment types)
an infant avoids connection with the caregiver, as when the infant seems not to care about the caregivers presence, departure, or return
insecure resistant/ambivalent attachment (attachment types)
an infants anxiety and uncertainty are evident, as when the infant becomes very upset at separation from the caregiver and both resists and seeks contacts on reunion
disorganized attachment (attachment types)
a type of attachment that is marked by an infants inconsistent reactions to a caregivers departure and return
synchrony
a coordinated, rapid, and smooth exchange for responses between a caregiver and an infant
becomes more frequent in the first few months, and elaborate
helps infant to learn to read others emotions and develop social skills
begins with parents imitating infants
benefits include psychological and biological development, infants need social interaction to develop to their fullest
oral stage (first year) (Psychoanalytic theory Freud)
the mouth is the young infants primary source of gratification
Anal stage (second year) (Psychoanalytic theory Freud)
infants main pleasure comes from the anus (e.g. sensual pleasure of bowel movements and the psychoanalytical pleasure of controlling them)
Psychoanalytic theory Erickson
trust vs mistrust
infants learn basic trust of the world is a secure place where there basic needs are met
autonomy vs shame and doubt, psychoanalytic theory Erickson
toddlers either succeed or fail in gaining a sense of self rule over their actions and their bodies
