chapter 4 the muscular system

Question 1

abduction

Answer 1

the movement of a
limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body

Question 2

adduction

Answer 2

the movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body

Question 3

adhesion

Answer 3

a band of fibrous tissue
that holds structures together abnormally

Question 4

ataxia

Answer 4

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

Question 5

atonic

Answer 5

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

Question 6

atrophy

Answer 6

means weakness or wearing away
of body tissues and structures

Question 7

bradykinesia

Answer 7

extreme slowness in movement

Question 8

carpal tunnel syndrome

Answer 8

symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

Question 9

chronic fatigue syndrome

Answer 9

a debilitating and complex disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity

Question 10

circumduction

Answer 10

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

Question 11

compartment syndrome

Answer 11

involves the compression
of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the compartment, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg.

Question 12

contracture

Answer 12

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective
tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues.

Question 13

dorsiflexion

Answer 13

the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.

Question 14

dyskinesia

Answer 14

the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

Question 15

dystonia

Answer 15

a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles

Question 16

electromyography

Answer 16

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

Question 17

epicondylitis

Answer 17

inflammation of
the tissues surrounding the elbow

Question 18

ergonomics

Answer 18

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

Question 19

exercise physiologist

Answer 19

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to
promote physical fitness.

Question 20

fasciitis

Answer 20

inflammation of a fascia

Question 21

fibromyalgia

Answer 21

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a wide range of other symptoms

Question 22

ganglion cyst

Answer 22

a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand

Question 23

heel spur

Answer 23

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus (heel) bone, causing pain

Question 24

hemiparesis

Answer 24

a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body

Question 25

hemiplegia

Answer 25

total paralysis affecting only one side of the body

Question 26

hernia

Answer 26

occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.

Question 27

hyperkinesia

Answer 27

also known as hyperactivity, is abnormally increased muscle function or activity

Question 28

hypotonia

Answer 28

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

Question 29

impingement syndrome

Answer 29

also known as rotator cuff tendinitis, occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

Question 30

innervation

Answer 30

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

Question 31

insertion

Answer 31

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

Question 32

intermittent claudication

Answer 32

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

Question 33

muscular dystrophy

Answer 33

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles

Question 34

myasthenia gravis

Answer 34

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face, and throat.

Question 35

myoclonus

Answer 35

the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

Question 36

myofascial release

Answer 36

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome.

Question 37

myoparesis

Answer 37

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

Question 38

myorrhaphy

Answer 38

is the surgical suturing of a muscle

Question 39

neuromuscular

Answer 39

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

Question 40

oblique

Answer 40

slanted or at an angle

Question 41

origin

Answer 41

where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

Question 42

paralysis

Answer 42

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

Question 43

paraplegia

Answer 43

also known as partial paralysis, the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

Question 44

physiatrist

Answer 44

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with a focus on restoring function

Question 45

plantar fasciitis

Answer 45

also known as plantar fasciopathy, an inflammation of the plantar fascia on the sole of the foot

Question 46

polymyositis

Answer 46

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

Question 47

pronation

Answer 47

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

Question 48

quadriplegia

Answer 48

paralysis of all four extremities

Question 49

sarcopenia

Answer 49

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

Question 50

shin splint

Answer 50

a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)

Question 51

singultus

Answer 51

also known as hiccups, the myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

Question 52

sphincter

Answer 52

a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

Question 53

sprain

Answer 53

an injury to a joint which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn

Question 54

tendinopathy

Answer 54

is the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint

Question 55

tenodesis

Answer 55

the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

Question 56

tenolysis

Answer 56

the release of a tendon from adhesions

Question 57

tenosynovitis

Answer 57

is an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

Question 58

tenotomy

Answer 58

the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening

Question 59

torticollis

Answer 59

also known as wryneck, a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side.

Question 60

transverse

Answer 60

in a crosswise direction