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HSS2105: understanding mental health > chapter 4: The spectrum of mental health problems > Flashcards

chapter 4: The spectrum of mental health problems Flashcards

1
Q

What are diminished capacities?

A

can be:
- cognitive
- emotional
- interpersonal
- motivational
- behavioural

  • interfere with a person’s enjoyment of life
  • interferes with interacting in society and the enviroment
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2
Q

What are some examples of diminished capacties?

A
  • feelings of low self esteem
  • frequent frustration or irritability
  • burnout
  • feelings of stress
  • excessive worrying
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3
Q

What are mental disorders (illnesses)?

A

clinically significant patterns of behavioural or emotional function that are associated with some level of distress (morbidity, mortality), suffering, or impairment in 1+ areas of fxning in life

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4
Q

What are the 2 systems of diagnostic used in Canada?

A
  1. ICD
  2. DSM
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5
Q

What is the ICD?

A
  • addresses all types of illnesses
  • used internationally
    -“what’s happening with global health?”
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6
Q

What is the DSM?

A
  • addresses psychiatric disorders ONLY
  • used in North America
  • “reference book for psychiatry”
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7
Q

Who is a primary user of the ICD codes?

A

health care personnel (physicians, nurses, medical coders)

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8
Q

Who is a secondary user of ICD codes?

A
  • someone who uses already coded data from hospitals, HCPs, or health plans to conduct surveillance and or research activities
  • PUBLIC HEALTH is a big user
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9
Q

Psychiatric diagnosis can cause individual problems such as discrimination, exclusion, and loss of opportunities due to widespread fear and misunderstanding. true or false

A

true

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10
Q

What are the 4 criticisms of psychiatric diagnosis?

A
  1. problems with reliability and validity
  2. effects of labelling
  3. cultural relativity
  4. political and economic misuses of diagnoses
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11
Q

What is the difference between reliability and validity?

A

Reliability = “consistency” of results when measurement is repeated (will somone recieve the same diagnosis at a different time?)

validity= does the measurement capture what it’s supposed to measure?

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12
Q

What is the problem with reliability and validity in psychiatric diagnosis?

A
  • diagnosis can be vague, arbitrary, and unscientific because there are no physiological underpinnings
  • few diagnoses are linked to specific causes or mechanisms of action
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13
Q

What is the “labelling theory”?

A

tendency of dominant groups to label minority groups negatively

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14
Q

What is the problem with labelling and psychiatric diangosis?

A

labelling has become relevant around this that has carried negative consequences such as stigma around mental health

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15
Q

What is the problem of cultural relativity in psychiatric diagnosis?

A

a classification of mental disorder in one culture may not be applicable to other cultural groups

ex: in Canada, the ICM or DSM may not fit with spiritual framework of indigenous peoples

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16
Q

What are the Political and Economic Misuses of psychiatric diagnosis?

A
  • various gvrnmnts have imprisoned individuals for political purposes by falsely applying diagnosis of mental illness
  • over-identification of mental disorders for purpose of selling medications (adhd meds is a good example)
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17
Q

Why do we diagnose?

A
  1. benefits are greater than potential risks
  2. means of understanding and addressing mental disorders to designate the correct treatment for condition
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18
Q

What are the 11 categories of the ICD-10 Classification of Mental and Behavioural Disorders?

A
  1. Organic mental disorders
  2. mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use
  3. Schizophrenia, schizotypal, and delusional disorders
  4. Mood [affective] disorders
  5. Neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders
  6. Behavioural syndromes associated with physiological disturbances and physical factors
  7. disorders of adult personality and behaviour
  8. Mental retardation
  9. disorders of psychological development
  10. Behavioural and emotional disorders with onset usually occurring in childhood and adolescence
  11. Unclassified mental disorders
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19
Q

What are organic mental disorders?

A
  • aka “neurocognitive disorders” or “non-psychiatric disorders”
  • caused by disturbance of brain function or damage to brain structures
  • usually as a result of injury, infection, or medical condition
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20
Q

What are 2 common types in organic mental disorders?

A
  1. delirium
  2. dementia
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21
Q

What is delirium?

A
  • organic mental disorder
  • disturbance of brain function with confusion, memory loss, disturbed level of consciousness, and distorted perception
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22
Q

What is dementia?

A
  • organic mental disorder
  • progressive degenerative disease
  • loss of neurons from cerebral cortex and other areas of brain
  • most common is alzheimer’s disease
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23
Q

What are functional mental disorders?

A
  • no overt disturbance of brain function or structure found
  • 10/11 types in ICD except for organic mental disorders
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24
Q

What are mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use?

A
  • functional mental disorder
  • cause is use of psychoactive substance
  • diagnosis depends on type of substance
  • involves acute intoxication
  • can have “concurrent” disorders associated
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25
Q

what is acute intoxication?

A

disruption in cognition, emotion, level of consciousness, and other mental function

26
Q

What are concurrent disorders?

A

combo of substance use disorder and another mental disorder (ex: alcohol dependence and depression)

27
Q

What are schizophrenic disorders?

A
  • usually emerge in adolescence or early adult hood
  • consists of delusions and hallucinations (overall, called “psychosis” when both occur)
28
Q

What is the difference between a delusion and a hallucination?

A

delusion = detachment from reality , intense irrational belief

hallucination = false sensory experiences of the mind (ex: auditory = think they are “hearing voices”)

29
Q

What are the 2 types of delusions you can have?

A
  1. Paranoid
    2.Grandiose
30
Q

What are paranoid delusions?

A
  • belief they are in a constant state of danger
31
Q

What are grandiose delusions?

A

false beliefs about possessing super powers that not all humans have

32
Q

How are schizotypal disorders different from schizophrenic disorders?

A

Based on the INTENSITY of psychosis

schizotypal = milder in nature

schizophrenic = more intense

33
Q

What are the 2 most common mood (affective) disorders?

A
  1. Major Depressive Disorder
  2. bipolar disorder
34
Q

What is major depressive disorder?

A

one or more depressive episodes lasting at least 2 weeks, accompanied by at lest 4 additional symptoms of depression

35
Q

What is bipolar disorder?

A

substantial elevations of mood and depressed mood

36
Q

What 3 disorders are looked at in “neurotic, stress-related, and somatoform disorders” category?

A
  1. anxiety disorders
  2. stress reaction and adjustment disorders
  3. somatoform disorders
37
Q

What 4 types of anxiety are covered in this textbook?

A
  1. generalized anxiety disorder
  2. phobic anxiety disorder
  3. panic disorder
  4. OCD
38
Q

What is generalized anxiety disorder?

A

increased fight or flight response in regular life

excessive worry in everyday situations

39
Q

What is phobic anxiety disorder?

A

-relates to a fear of a specific situation that may be in response to a traumatic experience (ex: fear of spiders because you got attacked by one)

40
Q

What is panic disorder?

A

fear of fear itself (projected fear)

panic attack is so significant that the person is fearing another one

41
Q

What is OCD?

A

“Obsessive Compulsive Disorder”

consists of reoccuring thoughts (“obessions”) and acts/behaviours as a result of those thoughts (Compulsions)

42
Q

What is an example of a Stress Reactions and Adjustment Disorders?

A

PTSD –> when a person cannot understand what is happening in temporal sequence and they have this heightened emotional response

amygdala is not able to bring down the emotional response

hippocampus is not functionning properly and we begin to have these flashbacks with PTSD

43
Q

What are somatoform disorders?

A

repeated presentation of physical symptoms with persistent requests for medical investigation although there is constant repeated negative findings

ex: illness-anxiety disorder –> “hypochondriac”

ex: conversion disorder

44
Q

What are 4 types of disorders apart of the category “Behavioural Syndromes Associated with Physiological Disturbances and Physical Factors”?

A

1.eating disorders (bulima nervosa, anorexia nervosa, bing eating disorder)

  1. sleep disorders
  2. sexual dysfunction
  3. mental disorder associated with the puerperium (the period following delivery of a baby - “baby blues”)
45
Q

What are 4 types of disorders in the category “disorders of adult personality and behaviour”?

A
  1. personality disorders x 2
  2. habit and impulse disordes
  3. gender identity disorders
  4. disorders of sexual preference
46
Q

What are the 2 types of personality disorders of “disorders of adult personality and behaviour”?

A
  1. avoidant –> affects the individual, wants to be alone
  2. anti-social –> cause distress to those in proximity of the individual, disregard for others in social settings
47
Q

What are 3 habit and impulse disorders that cannot be controlled in the category of “disorders of adult personality and behaviour”?

A
  1. pathological gambling
  2. pyromania —> impulsive desire to set things on fire
  3. kleptomania –> impulsive desire to shoplift
48
Q

What are 2 gender identity disorders in the category “disorders of adult personality and behaviour”?

A
  1. transexualism –> don’t identify as biological sex, goes through hormonal changes or sex part changes
  2. transvestitism –> likes to dress up as the opposite sex but does not want to go through sex part change or hormonal changes
49
Q

What are 4 disorders of sexual preference in the category of “disroders of adult personality and behaviour”?

A
  1. fetishism –> “whatever tickles your fancy”
  2. exhibitionism –> gets gratification in exposing their private parts
  3. voyeurism –> “peeping tom”
  4. sadomasochism –> people who enjoy physical punishment
50
Q

What is mental retardation known as in Canada?

A

developmental disability or intellectual disability

51
Q

What is mental retardation?

A
  • arrested or incomplete development of the mind
  • impaired skills during developmental period, contributing to overall intelligence
  • does not diminish with age
  • degree of impairment assessed by IQ
52
Q

What are disorders of psychological development?

A

impairment or delay of functions such as language, visuospatial skills, and arithmetic abilities

not global impairments –> presents at an early age and diminishes with age

53
Q

What is an example of a disorder of psychological development?

A

autism

54
Q

what are 4 behavoural and emotional disorders that affect children and adolescents?

A
  1. Attention Deficit Disorder
  2. Conduct Disorder
  3. Separation anxiety
  4. Tic disorders
55
Q

What is attention deficit disroder?

A

can be
- inattentive
- impulsive/hyperactive
- mix of both

56
Q

What is conduct disorder?

A
  • same as anti-social disorder but just in kids
57
Q

what is separation anxiety?

A
  • anxiety induced when removed from family or a loved one
  • fear of being moved away from family
58
Q

what are tic disorders?

A

sudden, involuntary jerking movements or sounds

59
Q

What consists of the category “unspecified mental disorder”?

A

for conditions that do not fit into existing diagnostic groups

60
Q

avoid using the “unspecified mental disorder” category unless absolutely necessary. true or false

A

true

HSS2105: understanding mental health (12 decks)

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