Chapter 4 - Tissue Level of Organization

Question 1

Cell junctions

Answer 1

contact points between plasma membranes of tissue cells

Question 2

Tight junctions

Answer 2

web like proteins, sew cells together, prevent leakage

Question 3

Types of cell junctions

Answer 3

tight junctions, adherens, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, gap junctions

Question 4

Gap junctions

Answer 4

connexons (tunnels) connect neighboring cells, cells separated by intercellular gap (common in cardiac muscle tissue)

Question 5

Tissue

Answer 5

group of similar cells that perform specific functions

Question 6

Tissue types

Answer 6

epithelial, connective, muscular, nervous

Question 7

Epithelial tissue

Answer 7

located on surface of skin, free surfaces on body

Question 8

Epithelium

Answer 8

closely packed cells arranged in continuous sheets, avascular/own nerve supply, reproduce readily

Question 9

Basement membrane

Answer 9

basal lumina and reticular lumina

Question 10

Covering and lining epithelium

Answer 10

forms outer covering of body, lines body cavities and some internal organs

Question 11

Simple (single layer) functions

Answer 11

diffusion, osmosis, secretion, excretion, absorption, filtration

Question 12

Stratified (multiple layer) function

Answer 12

protection

Question 13

Shape of cells

Answer 13

squamous (thin, flat cells), cuboidal, columnar

Question 14

Glandular epithelium

Answer 14

cells lie in clusters deep to covering and lining epithelium, produce secretions

Question 15

Endocrine gland

Answer 15

secretions (hormones) enter interstitial fluid and diffuse directly into bloodstream without flowing into a duct

Question 16

Exocrine gland

Answer 16

cells produce a secretion into a duct system that empties directly on surface of body or into a cavity

Question 17

Structural classification of exocrine glands

Answer 17

unicellular/multicellular, simple vs. compound (duct branched), tubular vs. acinar (round), vs. tubuloacinar

Question 18

Merocrine

Answer 18

vesicles, most glands of this type

Question 19

Apocrine

Answer 19

pinched off portion of cell is secretion

Question 20

Holocrine

Answer 20

mature cells die/become secretions

Question 21

Connective tissue

Answer 21

most abundant tissue, derived from mesenchyme, vascular/good nerve supply

Question 22

Functions of connective tissue

Answer 22

protection, support and binding, insulation, transportation

Question 23

Connective tissue composition

Answer 23

cells and extracellular matrix

Question 24

Extracellular matrix

Answer 24

composed of ground substance and fibers, what cell bathes in

Question 25

Osteoblast

Answer 25

immature cell (make ECM)

Question 26

Osteocyte

Answer 26

mature cells

Question 27

Fibroblasts

Answer 27

secretes substances of extracellular matrix

Question 28

Defensive cells

Answer 28

macrophages, white blood cells, most cells, plasma cells

Question 29

Adipocytes

Answer 29

fat cells, store energy through triglycerides

Question 30

Ground substance

Answer 30

supports cells and binds them together, stores water, proteins, and carbohydrates

Question 31

Fibers

Answer 31

strengthen and support matrix

Question 32

Collagen

Answer 32

strength, lack in collagen can lead to Ehlers Danlos Syndrome

Question 33

Elastic

Answer 33

elasticity/stretch

Question 34

Reticular

Answer 34

support, lymph nodes and spleen

Question 35

Types of mature connective tissue

Answer 35

loose connective tissue, dense connective tissue, cartilage

Question 36

Loose connective tissue

Answer 36

areolar, adipose, reticular

Question 37

Dense connective tissue

Answer 37

regular (same order), irregular (different directions), elastic (lungs, arteries)

Question 38

Cartilage

Answer 38

avascular/no nerves, chondrocytes in lacunae, ground substance of chondroitin sulfate, perichondrium covers surface

Question 39

Types of cartilage

Answer 39

hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage

Question 40

Hyaline

Answer 40

most abundant, support, reduces friction, absorbs shock, weakest

Question 41

Elastic

Answer 41

strength and elasticity

Question 42

Fibrocartilage

Answer 42

strongest, lacks perichondrium

Question 43

Types of muscle tissue

Answer 43

skeletal, cardiac, smooth

Question 44

Skeletal muscle

Answer 44

voluntary, striated, multinucleated, attached to bone

Question 45

Cardiac muscle

Answer 45

involuntary, striated, uninucleated, intercalated discs, heart

Question 46

Smooth muscle

Answer 46

involuntary, no striations, uninucleated, spindle-shaped cells, found in walls of hallow organs

Question 47

Intercalated discs

Answer 47

part of gap junction, allow spreading of electricity fast

Question 48

Neurons

Answer 48

nerve cells, cannot reproduce

Question 49

Neuroglia

Answer 49

"mother" of neurons, can reproduce/multiply

Question 50

Neuronal cell structure

Answer 50

cell body, axon, dendrites