Chapter 4: Tissue: the Living Fabric Flashcards
(181 cards)
1
Q
Tissues: definition
A
Groups of cells that work together to perform a specific function
2
Q
4 types of tissues
A
- Epithelial
- Connective
- Muscle
- Nerve
3
Q
Epithelial Tissue
A
- Composed almost entirely of cells
- Form continuous sheets held together by tight junctions and desmosomes
- Supported by connective tissue - reticular and basal laminae (basement membrane).
- Avascular but innervated - contains no blood vessels but supplied by nerve fibers
- Regenerative - rapidly replaces lost cells by cell division
4
Q
The basement membrane is like
A
double sided sticky tape
5
Q
How permeable is epithelial tissue to water? why?
A
Waterproof like a pool liner. It’s a continuous sheet. There are no spaced between the cells which makes it waterproof.
6
Q
Which layer of skin is the oldest?
A
The surface. The deepest layers of skin are the newest.
7
Q
Naming tissues - 1st name is based on…
A
number of layers. Simple, stratified
8
Q
Tissues that are classified as simple are used for
A
filtering and diffusion
9
Q
Tissues that are classified as stratified are
A
places that shed. surface of skin, mouth, etc
10
Q
Naming tissues - last name is based on…
A
shape. squamous (squatty), cuboidal (cube-like), columnar (column-like).
11
Q
Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Structure
A
Single layer of flattened cells with disc-shaped nuclei and sparse cytoplasm
12
Q
Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Functions
A
- Diffusion and filtration.
2. Provide a slick, friction-reducing lining in lymphatic and cardiovascular systems.
13
Q
Epithelia: Simple Squamous - Locations
A
Present in the kidney glomeruli, lining of heart, blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and serosae
14
Q
Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Structure
A
Single layer of cube-like cells with large, spherical central nuclei.
15
Q
Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Function
A
secretion and absorption
16
Q
Epithelia: Simple Cuboidal - Location
A
Present in kidney tubules, ducts and secretory portions of small glands, and ovary surface.
17
Q
Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Structure
A
Single layer of tall cells with oval nuclei; many contain cilia. Goblet cells are often found in this layer
18
Q
Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Function
A
absorption and secretion
19
Q
Epithelia: Simple Columnar - Location
A
1, Nonciliated type line digestive tract and gallbladder.
2, Ciliated type line small bronchi, uterine tubes, and some regions of the uterus
20
Q
What to cilia do?
A
they help move substances through internal passageways
21
Q
Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Structure
A
Single layer of cells with different heights; some do not reach the free surface. Nuclei are seen at different layers
22
Q
Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Function
A
secretion and propulsion of mucus
23
Q
Epithelia: Pseudostratified Columnar - Location
A
Present in the male sperm-carrying ducts (nonciliated) and trachea (ciliated)
24
Q
Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Structure
A
Thick membrane composed of several layers of flat-cells
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Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Function
protection of underlying areas subjected to abrasion
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Epithelia: Stratified Squamous - Location
Forms the external part of the skin’s epidermis (keratinized cells),
and linings of the esophagus, mouth, and vagina (nonkeratinized cells).
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Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Structure
Typically two, cubed shaped cell layers thick
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Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Function
? Rare
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Epithelia: Stratified Cuboidal - Location
some sweat and mammary glands
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Epithelia: Stratified Columnar - how often
limited distribution in the body
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Epithelia: Stratified Columnar - Location
Found in the pharynx, male urethra, and lining some glandular ducts. Also occurs at transition areas between two other types of epithelia
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Epithelia: Transitional - Structure
Several cell layers, basal cells are cuboidal, surface cells are dome shaped
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Epithelia: Transitional - Function
Stretches to permit the distension of the urinary bladder.
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Epithelia: Transitional - Location
Lines the urinary bladder, ureters, and part of the urethra
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What is a gland?
a gland is one or more cells that makes and secretes an aqueous fluid
36
How are glands classified?
1. Site of product release – endocrine or exocrine.
| 2. Relative number of cells forming the gland – unicellular or multicellular
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Glandular tissue falls under what group of tissue?
Epithelia
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What are endocrine glands?
ductless glands that produce hormons
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what do endocrine glands produce?
secretions include amino acids, proteins, glycoproteins, and steroids
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Which are more numerous - exocrine or endocrine glands?
exocrine glands
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where do exocrine glands secrete?
onto body surfaces (skin) or into body cavities
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examples of exocrine gland secretions
mucous, sweat, oil, salivary glands
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what is the only important unicellular exocrine gland?
goblet cell
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Multicellular exocrine glands are composed of...
a duct and secretory unit
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Multicellular exocrine glands are classified according to
1. Simple or compound duct type.
| 2. Structure of their secretory units
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Where is connective tissue found?
throughout the body. it is the most abundant and widely distributed in primary tissues
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Types of connective tissue
1. Connective tissue proper (loose or areolar).
2. Cartilage
3. Bone
4. Blood
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Functions of connective tissue
1. Binding and support
2. Protection
3. Insulation
4. Transportation
49
Characteristics of Connective tissue - Connective tissues have...
1. Mesenchyme as their common tissue of origin.
2. Varying degrees of vascularity.
3. Nonliving extracellular matrix, consisting of ground substance and fibers .
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What is the extracellular matrix made of?
ground substance and fibers
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What embryonic layer does connective tissue arise from?
mesenchyme
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What are the structural elements of connective tissue?
1. Ground substance
2. Fibers
3. Cells
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Connective Tissue - ground substance - what is it
unstructured material that fills the space between cells
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What fibers are there in connective tissue?
collagen, elastic, reticular
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What cells are in connective tissue?
fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts, and hematopoietic stem cells
White blood cells, plasma cells, macrophages, and mast cells
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What makes up ground substance?
1. Interstitial (tissue) fluid.
2. Adhesion proteins – fibronectin and laminin
3. Proteoglycans – glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
4. Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
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What is the function of ground substance?
Functions as a molecular sieve through which nutrients diffuse between blood capillaries and cells
58
Describe a collagen fiber
tough, provides high tensile strength
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Describe an elastic fiber
long, thin fibers that allow for stretch
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Describe a reticular fiber
branched collagenous fibers that form delicate networks
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How can you tell the difference between epithelial cells and connective tissue cells by appearance?
Epithelial - looks like houses
| Connective - don't look similar to each other. Classification is based on function, not on what it looks like
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Which cells are more tightly linked, epithelial or connective?
epithelial
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What does connective tissue have on the outside?
an epithelial layer
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How many types of connective tissue fibers are there?
3
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when can you see blood fibers?
only when blood is clotting. they stay stretched out until clotting starts, then they clump up
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What are the adhesion proteins?
fibronectin and laminin
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What is the protoeoglycan in ground substance?
glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)
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What do GAGs do? - glycosaminoglyans
make a sieve to filter things in connective tissue
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Where are fibroblasts?
connective tissue proper
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Where are chondroblasts?
cartilage
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Where are osteoblasts?
bone
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Where are hematopoietic stem cells?
blood
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What is mesenchyme?
embryonic connective tissue
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What is mesenchyme made of?
gel-like ground substance with fibers and star-shaped mesenchymal cells
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What does mesenchyme give rise to?
all other connective tissues
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where is mesenchyme found?
in the embryo
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Structure
Gel-like matrix with all three connective tissue fibers.Fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some white blood cells
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Function
wraps and cushions organs
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Areolar - Location
Widely distributed throughout the body.
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Structure
Matrix similar to areolar connective tissue with closely packed adipocytes
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Function
1. Reserves food stores,
2. insulates against heat loss, and
3. supports and protects
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Adipose - Location
```
Found under skin,
around kidneys,
within abdomen, and
in breasts.
Local fat deposits serve nutrient needs of highly active organs
```
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Structure
Loose ground substance with reticular fibers. Reticular cells lie in a fiber network
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Function
Forms a soft internal skeleton, or stroma, that supports other cell types
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Connective Tissue Proper: Loose: Reticular - Location
Found in lymph nodes, bone marrow, and the spleen
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Structure
Parallel collagen fibers with a few elastic fibers. Major cell type is fibroblasts
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Function
Attaches muscles to bone or to other muscles, and bone to bone
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Regular: Location
Found in tendons, ligaments, and aponeuroses
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Structure
Irregularly arranged collagen fibers with some elastic fibers. Major cell type is fibroblasts.
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Function
Withstands tension in many directions providing structural strength
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Connective Tissue Proper: Dense Irregular: Location
Found in the dermis, submucosa of the digestive tract, and fibrous organ capsules
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Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Structure
Amorphous, firm matrix with imperceptible network of collagen fibers. Chondrocytes lie in lacunae
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Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Function
Supports, reinforces, cushions, and resists compression
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Connective Tissue: Hyaline Cartilage - Location
Forms the costal cartilage. Found in embryonic skeleton, the end of long bones, nose, trachea, and larynx
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Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Structure
Similar to hyaline cartilage but with more elastic fibers
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Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Function
Maintains shape and structure while allowing flexibility
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Connective Tissue: Elastic Cartilage - Location
Supports external ear (pinna) and the epiglottis.
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Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Structure
Matrix similar to hyaline cartilage but less firm with thick collagen fibers
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Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Function
Provides tensile strength and absorbs compression shock
100
Connective Tissue: Fibrocartilage Cartilage - Location
Found in intervertebral discs, the pubic symphysis, and in discs of the knee joint
101
Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Structure
Hard, calcified matrix with collagen fibers found in bone. Osteocytes are found in lacunae and are well vascularized
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Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Function
Supports, protects, and provides levers for muscular action. Stores calcium, minerals, and fat. Marrow inside bones is the site of hematopoiesis.
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Connective Tissue: Bone (Osseous Tissue) - Location
Bones of Skeleton
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Connective Tissue: Blood - Structure
Red and white cells in a fluid matrix (plasma)
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Connective Tissue: Blood - Function
Transport of respiratory gases, nutrients, and wastes
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Connective Tissue: Blood - Location
Contained within blood vessels
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How many types of cells are there in the nervous system? What are they?
2 - Neurons and Neuroglia
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Neuroglia -
support and protect neurons, do not send action potentials
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Neurons -
do impulse or action potential conduction
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Examples of Neuroglia
1. Protoplasmic astrocyte
2. Fibrous astrocyte
3. Microglia
4. Oligodendrocytes
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Where are reticular fibers found?
in the lymphatic system. sed to filter lymph
112
Where are collagen fibers found?
in cartilage and calcified in bone
113
When is mesenchyme undifferentiated?
Day 1-12 of pregnancy
114
What happens on day 12 of pregnancy
mesenchyme forms primary layers
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what do mesenchyme cells replicate from?
fertilized egg - copies. undifferentiated
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Areolar connective tissue makes up
the basement membrane or lamina propria
| fascia
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what does areolar connective tissue do?
sticks every layer of tissue together
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to store more fat, the adipose cells do this
stretch. they don't multiply
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in males, adipose tissue is more____ because of _____
yellow, testosterone
120
reticular connective tissue does what for other cells?
forms a framework, a soft internal skeleton (stroma) to support other cell types
121
Reticular connective tissue is like a
collander
122
Dense regular connective tissue looks like
waves. neat and parallel to each other (fibers), but not straight
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which is stronger - dense regular or irregular?
irregular
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Nervous Tissue: Structure
Branched neurons with long cellular processes and neuroglia or support cells
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Nervous Tissue: Function
(neuron)Transmits electrical signals from sensory receptors to effectors
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Nervous Tissue: Location
Found in the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves
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How do neuroglia compare in size and number to neurons?
smaller but outnumber neurons by 50 times
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What is the purpose of neuroglia?
support cells for neurons
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What are the types of neuroglia?
```
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Ependymal Cells
Schwann Cells
Satellite Cells
```
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What are gliomas?
tumors - make up 1/2 of brain tumors - highly malignant - grow quickly
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Neuron Structure
* *3 parts**
1. Cell Body
2. Dendrites
3. Axon
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Neuron Cell Body
Central to neuron cell, contains typical organelles of cell. (Found in clusters in the CNS called nuclei, outside the CNS clusters are called ganglia.)
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Dendrite
Dendrites: Cytoplasmic processes
1. Short, branched extensions of cell body cytoplasm
2. Many
3. Receive impulses and bring them to cell body.
4. Axon hillock: point where axon attaches to cell body.
134
What is the axon hillock?
point where axon attaches to cell body
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Axon
Axon: Cytoplasmic process
1 long extension from cell body.
Sends impulses to another neuron, gland or muscle.
End of an axon—synaptic bulb/axon terminals—stores neurotransmitter-signal to next neuron to continue or stop an impulse. Forms synapse/junction with next neuron or effector cells. Neurotransmitter travels from presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron via synaptic cleft.
May branch into collaterals
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What does an axon do?
sense impulses to another neuron, gland, or muscle
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What does a dendrite do?
receives impulses and brings them to cell body
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what is the end of an axon?
synaptic bulb/axon terminal
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what does the axon terminal do?
stores neurotransmitter-signal to next neuron to continue or stop an impulse
forms synapse/junction with next neuron or effector cells
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the neurotransmitter travels from _____ to ______ via _____
presynaptic neuron, postsynaptic neuron, synaptic cleft
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Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Structure
Long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells with obvious striations
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Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Function
Initiates and controls voluntary movement.
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Muscle Tissue: Skeletal - Location
Found in skeletal muscles that attach to bones or skin
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Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Structure
Branching, striated, uninucleate cells interlocking at intercalated discs
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Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Function
Propels blood into the circulation
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Muscle Tissue: Cardiac - Location
Found in the walls of the heart
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Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Structure
Sheets of spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei that have no striations.
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Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Function
Propels substances along internal passageways (i.e., peristalsis).
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Muscle Tissue: Smooth - Location
Found in the walls of hollow organs
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Tissue trauma cases
inflammation
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inflammation is characterized by
1. dilation of blood vessels
2. increase in vessel permeability
3. redness, heat, swelling, and pain
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Epithelial Membranes: Cutaneous Membrane
Cutaneous - skin
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Epithelial Membranes: Mucous Membrane
Mucous – lines body cavities open to the exterior (e.g., digestive and respiratory tracts)
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Epithelial Membranes: Serous Membrane - what are they
Serous – moist membranes found in closed ventral body cavity
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Name the serous membranes
```
Parietal peritoneum - gut
Visceral peritoneum - gut
Parietal pleura - lungs
Visceral pleura - lungs
Parietal pericardium - heart
Visceral pericardium - heart
```
156
Parietal (serous membranes)
not against organ - more superficial
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Visceral (serous membranes)
against organ
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Tissue Repair steps
1. Organization and restored blood supply
2. Regeneration and fibrosis
3. Fibrous tissue matures and begins to resemble the adjacent tissue
4. Results in a fully regenerated epithelium with underlying scar tissue
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Tissue Repair - Organization and restored blood supply - the blood clot is replaced with...
granulation tissue
160
Tissue Repair - Regeneration and fibrosis - what happens when the surface epithelium regenerates?
the scab detaches
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What are the primary germ layers?
3 layers of cells formed early in embryonic development
1. ectoderm
2. mesoderm
3. endoderm
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The primary germ layers specialize to
form the four primary tissues
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Nerve tissue arises from
ectoderm
164
Muscle, connective tissue, endothelium, and mesothelium arise from
mesoderm
165
most mucosae arse from
endoderm
166
epithelial tissues arise from
all three germ layers
167
ectoderm becomes
nerve tissue
168
mesoderm becomes
Muscle,
connective tissue,
endothelium, and
mesothelium
169
endoderm becomes
mucosae
170
What are fontanels made of?
Hyaline cartilage
171
Why doesn't cartilage heal well?
because it's avascular
172
What does avascular mean?
without blood supply
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Which connective tissue has the most collagen?
fibrocartilage
174
What makes the matrix of osseos tissue hard?
calcium
175
How does bone get nutrients?
It is vascularized. The central canal is a blood vessel. The little striations radiating out from the center are tiny blood supplies. They are little canals through the bone.
176
Which blood cells are nucleated?
White blood cells
177
which blood cells are not nucleated?
red blood cells, plasma
178
Where is cardiac muscle found?
ONLY in the heart
179
what kind of muscle is found in the blood vessels?
smooth muscle
180
what is the function of intercalated discs?
to synchronize the contraction of cardiac muscle fibers so that the muscle pumps as a whole unit
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what layers are all of the "tubes" of the body comprised of?
epithelial
connective
smooth
