Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

A&P I > Chapter 1: The Human Body, an Orientation > Flashcards

Chapter 1: The Human Body, an Orientation Flashcards

(83 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

Anatomy

A

The study of the structure of body parts and their relationships to one another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Types of Anatomy

A
  1. Gross or macroscopic
  2. Microscopic
  3. Developmental
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Physiology

A

The study of the function of the body’s structural machinery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Types of Gross Anatomy

A
  1. Regional
  2. Systemic
  3. Surface
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Regional Anatomy

A

All structures in one part of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Systemic Anatomy

A

Gross anatomy of the body studied by system

such as the abdomen or leg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Surface

A

Study of internal structures as they relate to the overlying skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Type of Microscopic Anatomy

A
  1. Cytology

2. Histology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Cytology definition

A

Study of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Histology definition

A

Study of tissues

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Types of Developmental Anatomy

A
  1. Traces structural changes throughout life

2. Embryology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Embryology definition

A

Study of developmental changes of the body before birth

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Specialized Branches of Anatomy

A
  1. Pathological Anatomy
  2. Radiographic Anatomy
  3. Molecular biology
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Pathological Anatomy definition

A

Study of structural changes caused by disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Radiographic Anatomy definition

A

Study of internal structures visualized by specialized scanning procedures such as X-ray, MRI, and CT scans

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Molecular biology definition

A

Study of anatomical structures at a subcellular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Physiology considers…

A

the operation of specific organ systems

  1. Renal
  2. Neurophysiology
  3. Cardiovascular
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Renal

A

kidney function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Neurophysiology

A

workings of the nervous system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cardiovascular

A

operation of the heart and blood vessels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Physiology focuses on…

A

the functions of the body, often at the cellular or molecular level

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Understanding physiology also requires a knowledge of…

A

physics, which explains

  1. electrical currents
  2. blood pressure
  3. the way muscle uses bone for movement
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Principle of Complementarity

A
  1. Functions always reflects structure

2. What a structure can do depends on its specific form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Levels of Structural Organization

A
  1. Chemical - atoms combined to form molecules
  2. Cellular - cells are made of molecules
  3. Tissue - groups of cells working together to perform a specific funtion
  4. Organ - group of tissues working together to perform a specific funtion
  5. Organ system - group of organs working together to perform a specific function
  6. Organismal - made up of the organ systems.
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Levels of Structural Organization: Chemical
Chemical - atoms combined to form molecules
26
Levels of Structural Organization: Cellular
Cellular - cells are made of molecules
27
Levels of Structural Organization: Tissue
Tissue - groups of cells working together to perform a specific function
28
Levels of Structural Organization: Organ
Organ - group of tissues working together to perform a specific function
29
Levels of Structural Organization: Organ system
Organ system - group of organs working together to perform a specific function
30
Levels of Structural Organization: Organismal
Organismal - made up of the organ systems.
31
Integumentary System
Forms the external body covering
32
Integumentary System: Structure
``` composed of the skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, and nails ```
33
Integumentary System: Function
Protects deep tissues from injury and synthesizes vitamin D
34
Skeletal System: Structure
Composed of bone, cartilage, and ligaments
35
Skeletal System: Function
1. Protects and supports body organs 2. Provides the framework for muscles 3. Site of blood cell formation 4. Stores minerals
36
Muscular System: Structure
Composed of muscles and tendons
37
Muscular System: Functions
1. Allows manipulation of the environment, locomotion, and facial expression 2. Maintains posture 3. Produces heat
38
Nervous System: Structure
Composed of the brain, spinal column, and nerves
39
Nervous System: Functions
1. Is the fast-acting control system of the body | 2. Responds to stimuli by activating muscles and glands
40
Endocrine System: Structure
``` 1. Endocrine glands: pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal and thymus glands 2. Endocrine Organs: hypothalamus (neuroendocrine organ), pancreas, gonads (testes and ovaries) ```
41
Endocrine System: Functions
1. Progressive response: Hours to days 2. Influences metabolic activity through hormones (chemical messengers released into the blood to be transported through body)
42
How are hormones delivered?
Through the blood
43
What is the slower response system in the body?
The endocrine system
44
What is the faster response system in the body?
The nervous system, but it is shorter lasting
45
How can the levels of Structural Organization be organized?
Like a pyramid, from chemical on the bottom to organismal on the top. The higher you go the few of that thing there are
46
Cardiovascular System: Structure
Composed of the heart and blood vessels
47
Cardiovascular System: Functions
1. The heart pumps blood | 2. The blood vessels transport blood throughout the body
48
How does the heart determine it's rhythm?
It is self-regulated, but is influenced by the brain
49
Where is the lymphatic system housed?
In the lymph nodes
50
Lymphatic System: Structure
Composed of: 1. Red bone marrow 2. Thymus 3. Spleen 4. Lymph nodes 5. Lymphatic Vessels
51
Lymphatic System: Functions
1. Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood 2. Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream 3. Houses white blood cells involved with immunity
52
Respiratory System: Structure
Composed of: 1. Nasal Cavity 2. Pharynx 3. Trachea 4. Bronchi 5. Lungs
53
Respiratory System: Functions
Keeps blood supplied with oxygen and removes carbon dioxide
54
Digestive System: Structure
Composed of the 1. Oral cavity 2. Esophagus 3. Stomach 4. Small intestine 5. Large intestine 6. Rectum 7. Anus 8. Liver
55
Digestive System: Functions
1. Breaks down food into absorbable units that enter the blood 2. Eliminates indigestible foodstuffs as feces
56
Urinary System: Structure
Composed of 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Urinary bladder 4. Urethra
57
Urinary System: Functions
1. Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body | 2. Regulates water, electrolyte, and pH balance of the blood
58
Male Reproductive System: Structure
Composed of: 1. Prostate gland 2. Penis 3. Testes 4. Scrotum 5. Ductus deferens
59
Male Reproductive System: Functions
1. Main function is the production of offspring 2. Testes produce sperm and male sex hormones 3. Ducts and glands deliver sperm to the female reproductive tract
60
What is the most important job of the respiratory system?
Removing carbond dioxide
61
Female Reproductive System: Structure
Composed of: 1. Mammary Glands 2. Ovaries 3. Uterine tubes 4. Uterus 5. Vagina
62
Female Reproductive System: Functions
1. Main function is the production of offspring 2. Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones 3. Remaining structures serve as sites for fertilization and development of the fetus 4. Mammary glands produce milk to nourish the newborn.
63
Organ Systems Interrelationships - Text
1. The integumentary system protects the body from the external environment. 2. Digestive and respiratory systems, in contact with the external environment, take in nutrients and oxygen. 3. Nutrients and oxygen are distributed by the blood 4. Metabolic wastes are eliminated by the urinary and respiratory systems.
64
Organ Systems Interrelationships - Diagram
?
65
Necessary Life Functions
1. Maintaining boundaries - the internal environment remains distinct from the external environment 2. Movement - locomotion, propulsion (peristalsis), and contractility 3. Responsiveness - ability to sense changes in the environment and respond to them 4. Digestion - breakdown of ingested foodstuffs 5. Metabolism - all the chemical reactions that occur in the body 6. Excretion - removal of wastes from the body (sweat, feces, urine, etc) 7. Reproduction - cellular and organismal levels - Cellular - an original cell divides and produces two identical daughter cells - Organismal - sperm and egg unite to make a whole new person 8. Growth - increase in size of a body part or of the organism
66
Survival Needs
1. Nutrients - needed for energy and cell building 2. Oxygen - necessary for metabolic reactions 3. Water - provides the necessary environment for chemical reactions 4. Normal body temperature - necessary for chemical reactions to occur at life-sustaining rates 5. Atmospheric pressure - required for proper breathing and gas exchange in the lungs
67
Homeostasis definition
Ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment in an ever-changing outside world
68
The internal environment of the body s in a...
dynamic state of equilibrium
69
What factors interact to maintain homeostatis
chemical factors thermal factors neural factors
70
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Variables produce a change in the body 3 interdependent components of conrol mechanisms 1. receptor 2. control center 3. effector
71
Receptor
monitors the environments and responds to changes (stimuli)
72
Control center
determines the set point at which the variable is maintained
73
Effector
provides the means to respond to the stimuli
74
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms: Diagram
?
75
Negative Feedback
In negative feedback systems, the output shuts off the original stimulus Example: Regulation of room temperature - thermostat
76
Negative Feedback: Diagram
?
77
Positive Feedback
In positive feedback systems, the output enhances or exaggerates the original stimulus Examples: 1. Regulation of blood clotting 2. Labor
78
Positive Feedback: Diagram
?
79
Homeostatic Imbalance
Disturbance of homeostasis or the body's normal equilibrium
80
Overwhelming the usual negative feedback mechanisms allows....
destructive positive feedback mechanisms to take over
81
When does homeostatic imbalance occur?
During disease. Disease occurs when the body cannot maintain homeostasis.
82
Body Cavities
1. Dorsal - Cranial - Vertebral 2. Ventral - Thoracic - ---- 2 pleural cavities (houses lungs) - ---- Mediastinum (pericardial cavity; surrounds remaining thoracic organs) - ----Pericardial cavity (encloses the heart) - Abdominopelvic - ---- Abdominal (stomach, intestines, spleen, liver, other organs) - ---- Pelvic (lies within pelvis and contains bladder, reproductive organs, rectum) 3. Oral and digestive (mouth and cavities of the digestive organs) 4. Nasal (located within and posterior to the nose) 5. Orbital (house the eyes) 6. Middle Ear (contains bones (ossicles) that transmit sound vibrations) 7. Synovial (joint cavities)
83
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
1. Parietal serosa - lines internal body walls 2. Visceral serosa - covers the internal organs 3. Serous fluid - separates the serosa

A&P I (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions