Chapter 4 Tissues Flashcards by Danica Louise

types of germ layers

mesoderm, ectoderm, endoderm

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Which type of cell junction prevents the contents of organs from leaking into surrounding tissues?

Tight junction

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Which types of cell junctions are found in epithelial tissue?

Tight junction, adherens junctions, desmosomes, hemidesmosomes, and gap junctions

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protects body against dehydration, injury, bacteria,etc

external epithelia

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goblet cells

produce mucus to protect the lining of tracts in the body

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located near the epithelium and secreted by the epithelium, composed of collagen, laminin, glycoproteins and proteoglycans

basal lamina (basement membrane of epithelium)

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closest to the connective tissue, composed mostly of fibrous proteins (collagen and reticular fibers)

reticular lamina (basement membrane of epithelium)

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flat cells, forms part of the respiratory membrane and lines interior of blood vessels, contain mesothelium

squamous epithelium- for filtration and diffusion

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cube shaped cells, thick enough to accomodate mitochondria to make ATP for active procceses

cuboidal epithelium - for secretion or absorption

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columns with basally located nuclei, lines GI tract, contains goblet cells

columnar epithelium - for ciliary transport, secretion and absorption, and mucus production

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mesothelium

simple squamous epithelium that lines the organs’ outer surfaces such as the small intestine

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Why are epithelial and connective tissues found adjacent to each other?

because since epithelial tissues are avascular, connective tissues provide the blood supply to the epithelium

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cells in single layer which funtions in diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion or absorption

simple epithelium

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appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels, for respiratory system and function in mucociliary clearance

pseudostratified epithelium

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consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissues in locations where there is considerable wear and tear, can be keratized or not

stratified epithelium

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lining most of urinary tract and can go from stratified cuboidal to stratified squamous

transitional epithelium

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exocrine pancreas

digestive enzymes for GI tract that are compound tuboloacinar

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exocrine glands

secrete products into ducts

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endocrine glands

secrete directly into blood

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the 3 types of multicellular exocrine glands

holocrine- secretion released from sloughed dead cells
merocrine- secrete via exocytosis
apocrine- secretions released as special part of cell pinches off (ex. milk from alveolar cells of mamary glands)

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apocrine sweat glands do not secrete via ________

apocrine mechanism

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which type of connective tissues does not contain nerves

cartilage

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mature cells reduced capacity to divide and make extracellular matrix

fribrocyte, chondrocyte (except osteocyte)

“cyte” = mature cells

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fibroblasts

large flat cells that secrete protein fibers and ground substance, and syntheiszes extracellular matrix, present in all connective tissues

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macrophages

phagocytes from monocytes, destroy microbes

adipocytes

store fat (triglycerides) secrete adipocytes found in heart and kidneys

eosinophils

froom blood and phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes that can lead to tissue damage

To what class of glands do sebaceous (oil) glands belong? Salivary glands?

exocrine glands

Where are endothelium and mesothelium located?

mesothelium- pericardium, pleura, reproductive system | endothelium- lymph vessels, blood vessels and the heart

neutrophils

first phagocytes to arrive at wound sites, are microphages

what is the extracellular mostly composed of?

protein fibers and ground substance

3 types of collagen fibers and its functions and location

1) collagen fibers-strength and flexibility - bone, dermis, etc 2) elastic fibers- elastin and fibrilin - skin, bloos vessels, lungs, etc 3) reticular fibers- fine buncles of collagen fibers anf glycoprotein coating for support in some organs - basement membranes, stroma of lymph nodes and areolar connective tissue

packing material between connective tissue, gelatinous or calcified, made by connective tissue cells

ground substance

what is the ground substance composed of

1) glycosaminoglycans which then binds with peptide backbones to form 2) proteolycans- holds ECF

types of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs/mucopolysaccharides)

``` hyaluronic acid (wharton's jelly) - does not bind with peptide backbone dermatan sulfate (skin, blood vessels) chindroitin sulfate (joint, cartilage, bone) keratin sulfate (cornea of the eye) ```

links cells and fibers to ground substance

fibronectin

embryonic connective tissue types

mesenchyme from mesoderm | mucous connective tissue (wharton's jelly-hyalouric acid of umbilical cord)

mature connective tissue types

Loose, Dense (fibrous), Cartilage, Bone and Blood

subtypes of connective tissues

areolar connective tissue (some body membranes, ex:hypodermis) adipose tissue recticular connective tissue

kinds of adipose tissue

1) white adipose tissue- energy storage and production of adipocytokines 2) brown adipose tissue- thermogenisis in fetus and infant, can also be found in small animals - prevents protons from entering ATP synthetase

- holds your bloos in place in many of your organs, support parenchymal cells - stroma of liver, spleen, lymph nodes, and smooth muscles

recticular connective tissue

subtypes of dense connective tissues and its location

1) dense regular connective tissue - ligaments and tendons (bloos supply is very poor) 2) dense irregular connective tissue - dermis, fibrous pericardium, perichondrium and periosteum, and heart valves 3) elastic connective tissue - lunds and elastic arteries

what is the source of all connective tissue cells

embryonic mesenchymal cells

difference between immature and mature cells

- immature cells are usually capable of cell division except osteoblasts, and produce all protein fibers required for its unique matric - mature cells maintans the extracellular matrix

types of mature and immature cells

immature- fibroblasts, osteoblasts, chondroblasts | mature- fibrocyte, osteocyte (bone) , chondrocyte(cartilage)

what are the 3 types of cartilage

hyaline, elastic and fibrocartilage

semisolid matrix with embedded chondrocytes living in lacunae

cartilage connective tissue

most abundant cartilage; attaches ribs to sternum

hyaline cartilage

reduces heat loss through skin; serves as an energy reserve; supports and protects organs, specialized to store triglycerides

adipose tissue

for strength, elasticity, support, and is the most widely spreaded connective tissue

areolar tissue

- cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes= more extracellular matrix - expand from within like bread rising

intersitial growth

- differentation occurs by chondroblasts surrounding itself with the extracellular matrix to become chondrocytes - grow in width, due to matrix accumulating in the perichondrium

appositional growth

the connective tissue that envelops cartilage where it is not at a joint.

perichondrium

give bone its hardness and compressive strength, and collagen fibers, which give bone its tensile strength, responsible for the compact nature of this type of bone tissue

lamellae

responsible for the compact nature of mature tissue cells | chondrocytes and osteocytes

lacunae

projecting from the lacunae and connects osteocytes with haversian canals with eachother

canaliculi

comapct bone

- found in shafts of long bones and outer layer of all bones | - Haversian system (osteocytes in lacunae around haversian canals connected by canaliculi)

spongy bone

composed of of columns of bone called trabeculae which contains lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes but do lack osteons

types of blood connective tissue cells

red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

does not have a nuclie which means they are not true cells, carry oxygen, biconcave discs, erythrocytes

red blood cells

immune defense, true cells, eukocytes

white blood cells

what type of blood cell develop into macrophages

monocytes

natural killer cells that contain t-cells and b-cells

lymphocytes

release histamine and heparin, role in inflammatory and allergy

basophils

whar type of blood cells initiate blood clotting and have fragments of bone marrow megakaryotes (not true cells)

platelets (thrombocytes)

Which type of connective tissue has an extrecellular matrix that is not made by the tissue cells

Blood connective tissue, the extracellular matrix is called plasma which is a liquid component

contain actin and myosin myofilaments and most are in striations, movement of body parts

muscular tissue

types of muscle tissues

skeletal, smooth and cardiac

voluntary movement anf are attached to bones

skeletal muscle

involuntary movement, no striations, in viscera and blood vessles, controlled by nerves hormones or local factors

smooth muscle

found on in the walls of heart, contractions produce heartbeat, involuntary

cardiac muscle

Which muscular cells contain gap junctions

smooth muscle

Which muscular cells contain desmosomes and gap junctions

cardiac muscle

central nervous system

brain and spinal cord

peripheral nervous system

cranial and spinal nerves

afferent nerve fibers

conduct impulses from sensory receptors to CNS

efferent nerve fibers

conduct impuples from CNS to effectores (like muscles and glands)

protects inner lining of some hollow organs and tubes , simle or stratified epithelium + underlying connective tisue layer (lamina propria)

Mucous membrane

lines cavities that do not open directly to the outside (heart, lungs, abdominal visceral organs), -simple squamous epithelium (mesothelium) + underlying connective tissue layer

Serous membrane

Pleural membranes, pericardial membranes, peritoneal membranes

serous membrane

mesentery

peritoneum that attaches small intestine to abdominal wall

greater omentum

peritoneum that covers instestines, anteriorly

lesser omentum

peritoneum between stomach and liver

thin epidermis | stratified squamous epithelium + thicker dermis

cutaneous membranes n

Synovial Membrane

The only connective tissue membrane whcih secretes synocial fluid into joint cavities

cadherens/integrins

transmembrane glycoproteins that form intercellular links for cell junctions

differences between tight junction, anchoring junction and communication junction

- tight junction are fluid tight seals - ancjoring junction attach cells to other cells or ot extracellular material - communicating junctions allow electrical and chemical signaling