Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Bio > Chapter 40: Basic Princples of Animal Form and Function > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Basic Princples of Animal Form and Function Flashcards

0
Q

Physiology

A

Biological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Anatomy

A

Biological form

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How are some animals evolved for speed on land or water?

A

Streamlined anatomy: fusiform shape, lack of hairs or bumps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How do physical laws limit the size of animals?

A

Maximum size based on size and weight of skeleton and muscles, depends on maximum force available

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What should organisms’ body plans maximize for adequate exchange with environment?

A

Surface area of membranes to increase contact with aqueous solution

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

List some ways to increase aqueous solution to membrane ratio.

A 
Multicellular: increased surface area
Hollow bodies with both external and internal contact
Flat anatomy
Interstitial fluid
Circulatory fluid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is interstitial fluid?

A

Fluid that fills the spaces between cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Example of circulatory fluid?

A

Blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Why are complex body plans advantageous?

A

External skeleton for protection, sensory organs for information, internal organs for gradual energy release, interstitial fluid to maintain stable environment in changing environment; especially applicable on land

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are tissues?

A

Groups of cells with a similar appearance and a common function; organized into organs, organized into organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

True or false: many organs contain tissues with distinct physiological roles

A

True: ex: pancreas produces digestive enzymes, regulates blood sugar

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Four types of tissues?

A

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Main components of digestive system

A

Mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, notes tines, liver, pancreas, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Main components of circulatory system

A

Hart, blood, vessels, blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Main components of respiratory system

A

Lungs, trachea, other breathing tubes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Main components of immune and lymphatic system

A

Bone marrow, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, lymph vessels, white blood cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Main components of excretory system

A

Kidneys, ureters. Urinary bladder, urethra

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Main components of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary, thyroid, pancreas, adrenal, and other hormone-secreting glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Main components of the reproductive system

A

Ovaries or testes, associated glands

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Main components of the nervous system

A

Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Main components of the integumentary system

A

Skin and its derivates such as hair, claws, skin glands, etc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Main components of the skeletal system

A

Skeleton (bones, tendons, ligaments, cartilage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Main components of the muscular system

A

Skeletal muscles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Function of digestive system

A

Food processing, ingestion, digestion, absorption, elimination

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Function of circulatory system
Internal distribution of materials
25
Function of respiratory system
Gas exchange: oxygen uptake, disposal of carbon dioxide
26
Function of immune and lymphatic system
Body defense: fighting infections and cancer
27
Function of excretory system
Disposal of metabolic wastes, regulation of osmotic balance of blood
28
Function of endocrine system
Coordination of body activities, such as digestion and metabolism
29
Function of reproductive system
Reproduction
30
Function of nervous system
Coordination of body activities: detection of stimuli and formation of responses to them
31
Function of integumentary system
Protection against mechanical injury, infection, dehydration, thermoregulation
32
Function of skeletal system
Body support, protection of internal organs, movement
33
Function of muscular system
Locomotion and other movement
34
What is epithelial tissue?
Sheets of cells that cover the outside of the body and line organs and cavities within the body
35
What is the function of epithelial tissue?
Barrier against mechanical injury, pathogens, fluid loss; form active interfaces with environment
36
What kind of junctions are often found in epithelial tissue?
Tight junctions: very closely packed
37
What are the three shapes of epithelial tissue?
Squamous, cuboidal, columnar
38
What are the two types of epithelial organization?
Simple and stratified
39
Cuboidal epithelium
Dice shaped cells, specialized for secretion: kidney tubules, glands
40
Simple columnar epithelium
Large, brick shaped cells, secretion or absorption: intestines, digestive juice secretion, nutrient absorption
41
Simple squamous epithelium
Single layer of platelet like cells, exchange of material by diffusion: thin and leaky, lines blood vessels and lung air sacs
42
Stratified squamous epithelium
Multilayered, regenerates rapidly, new cells form by division near basal lamina, commonly abraded surfaces; outer skin, linings of mouth, anus, vagina, etc
43
Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of cells of varying height; in ciliates cells to form a mucous membrane: respiratory tract lining
44
Explain epithelial polarity
Apical surface: faces lumen/cavity Basal surface: attached to basal lamina: dense mat of extra cellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissues
45
What is connective tissue?
Sparsely populated cells in an extra cellular matrix, holds tissues and organs in place; often a web of fibers in liquid/jellylike/solid foundation; matrix contains fibroblasts and macrophages
46
Fibroblasts
Secrete fiber proteins
47
Macrophages
Engulf foreign particles and any cells debris by phagocytosis
48
Three types of connective tissue
Collage nous, reticular, elastic
49
Collagenous fibers of connective tissue
For strength and flexibility
50
Reticular fibers of connective tissue
Join connective tissue to adjacent tissues
51
Elastic fibers of connective tissue
Make tissues elastic, ex: restores skin to original shape when stretched
52
Connective tissue: loose
Most widespread, binds epithelial to underlying tissue and holds organs in place
53
Connective tissue: fibrous
Dense with collagenous fibers: tendons (bone to muscle) and ligaments (bone to bone)
54
Connective tissue: bone
Mineralized; osteoblasts (bone forming cells) deposit a collagen matrix where calcium/magnesium/phosphate ions form a hard mineral; repeating units called osteons
55
Connective tissue: blood
Liquid extracellular matrix called plasma (water, salts dissolved proteins); contain erythrocytes (red blood cells) and leukocytes (white blood cells) and platelets (cell fragments)
56
Connective tissue: adipose
Specialized loose connective: stores fat in adipose cells in its matrix
57
Connective tissue: cartilage
Collagenous fibers embedded in a rubbery protein-carb complex called chondroitin sulfate; chondrocytes secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate
58
Basal lamina
Dense mat of extra cellular matrix that separates epithelium from underlying tissue
59
Osteoblasts
Bone-forming cells
60
Osteons
Repeating units of bone: concentric mineralized matrix layers around a central canal containing nerves and blood vessels
61
Erythrocytes vs leukocytes
Red vs white blood cells
62
Chondrocytes
Cells that secrete collagen and chondroitin sulfate to make cartilage
63
Chondroitin sulfate
Rubbery protein-carb complex that forms cartilage
64
What is muscle tissue?
Tissue responsible for body movement: filaments containing actin and myosin proteins to contract muscles
65
Three types of muscle tissue
Skeletal, smooth, cardiac
66
Skeletal muscle
Attached to bones by tendons: striated: bundles of long cells called muscle fibers; fusion of many cells results in multiple nuclei; sarcomeres arranged in striated appearance
67
Sarcomeres
Contractile units of muscle tissue
68
Smooth muscle
In striated, digestive tract, urinary bladders, arteries, internal organs: spindle-shaped; involuntary body activities
69
Cardiac muscle
Forms contractile heart wall; striated; fibers connect via intercalated disks to relay signals between cells and synchronize contraction
70
What is nervous tissue?
Functions in receipt, processing, transmission of info; contains neurons and glia
71
Neurons
Nerve cells that transmit nerve impulses
72
Glial cells
Support cells in the nervous system; help insulate, nourish, and replenish neurons, occasionally modulate neuron function
73
Name two systems that help control and coordinate response to stimuli by signaling.
Endocrine (reach all areas with hormones) and nervous (reach specific areas with nerve impulses)
74
Hormones
Signaling molecules distributed by endocrine system: relatively slow acting, but long lasting; can reach specific areas or large areas based on which areas have the correct receptors
75
Nerve impulses
Transmit signals from nervous system; travels to specific target cells along axons: can be received by other neurons,muscle cells, endocrine cells, exocrine cells; relays info by pathway
76
What does it mean to be a regulator?
Animal uses internal mechanisms to control internal change in the face of external fluctuations
77
What does it mean to be a conformer?
Animal allows its internal condition to change in accordance with external changes for a particular variable
78
Explain the mechanism of homeostasis.
Sensors detect variations from a set point and stimuli trigger a response to return the system back to equilibrium
79
Negative feedback
Control mechanism that reduces the stimulus: ex sweating when hot
80
Positive feedback
Control mechanism that amplifies rather than reduces the stimulus: ex contractions during childbirth
81
What set pattern purposefully disobeys homeostasis?
Circadian rhythms: regulated cycle changes that occur roughly every 24 hours
82
How can the range of homeostasis change?
During acclimatization: gradual process by which an animal adjusts to changes in the external environment

Bio (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions