Chapter 49: Nervous Systems

Question 0

Ganglia

Answer 0

Segmental,y arranged clusters of neurons

Question 1

What kind of nervous systems to cnidarians have?

Answer 1

Nerve net

Question 2

What kind of nervous system do Annelida have?

Answer 2

Ganglia

Question 3

CNS in vertebrates

Answer 3

Brain and spinal cord

Question 4

PNS in vertebrates

Answer 4

Nerves and ganglia

Question 5

During embryonic development, where does the central nervous system develop from?

Answer 5

Hollow dorsal nerve cord: gives rise to central canal of spinal cord and ventricles of brain, fill with cerebrospinal fluid

Question 6

Gray matter

Answer 6

Neuron cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, glia

Question 7

White matter

Answer 7

Bundled axons with myelin sheaths: lies outside of spinal cord to link CNS with NS; primarily on inside of brain for neuron signaling and learning

Question 8

Glia

Answer 8

Supporting cells in the nervous system

Question 9

Astrocytes

Answer 9

Facilitate info transfer at synapses, increase blood flow to neurons

Question 10

Oligodendrocytes

Answer 10

Myelinate axons in CNS

Question 11

Schwann cells

Answer 11

Myelinate axons in PNS

Question 12

Microglia

Answer 12

Immune cells that protect against pathogens

Question 13

Motor system

Answer 13

Consists of neurons that carry signals to skeletal muscles, voluntary or involuntary

Question 14

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 14

Involuntary: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric

Question 15

Enteric division of autonomic nervous system

Answer 15

Active in digestive tract, pancreas, gall bladder, to regulate secretion and peristalsis

Question 16

What brain areas control arousal and sleep?

Answer 16

Brainstem and cerebrum

Question 17

Arousal and sleep are controlled by what?

Answer 17

Reticular formation: diffuse network of neurons in the core of the brainstem

Question 18

What does the reticular formation do?

Answer 18

Determines which incoming information reaches the cerebrum

Question 19

Which centers cause sleep?

Answer 19

Pons and medulla

Question 20

Where is the center for arousal?

Answer 20

Midbrain

Question 21

What secretion peaks at night and controls the sleep cycles?

Answer 21

Melatonin

Question 22

What is the SCN?

Answer 22

Suprachiasmatic nucleus: neurons in the hypothalamus that coordinate circadian rhythms

Question 23

What is the pacemaker that synchronizes the biological clock?

Answer 23

Supcrachiasmatic nucleus

Question 24

What are some brain structures that control emotion?

Answer 24

Amygdala, hippocampus, parts of thalamus

Question 25

What is the limbic system?

Answer 25

Structures that border the brainstem, controls emotion and motivation and olfaction, behavior, memory

Question 26

What role does the amygdala play in emotional memory storage?

Answer 26

Most important: located near base of cerebrum

Question 27

What are the three main areas of the brain?

Answer 27

Fore, mid, hind

Question 28

The mid and hind brain give rise to what?

Answer 28

Brainstem: joins with spinal cord

Question 29

The rest of the hindbrain gives rise to what?

Answer 29

Cerebellum, lies behind brainstem

Question 30

The forebrain develops into what?

Answer 30

Diencephalon, including neuroendocrine tissues of brain, telencephalon that becomes the cerebrum

Question 31

What is the cerebral cortex used for?

Answer 31

Perception, voluntary movement, learning

Question 32

Corpus callosum

Answer 32

Enables communication between right and left hemispheres

Question 33

Basal nuclei

Answer 33

Centers for planning and learning movement sequences: deep within white matter

Question 34

Cerebrum controls?

Answer 34

Skeletal muscle contraction, center for learning, emotion, memory, perception

Question 35

Cerebellum controls?

Answer 35

Movement, balance, learning, remembering motor skills

Question 36

Diencephalon controls?

Answer 36

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 37

Thalamus

Answer 37

Main input center for sensory info

Question 38

Hypothalamus

Answer 38

Body's thermostats and biological clock, regulates hunger and thirst, role in sexual mating behavior, controls fight or flight

Question 39

Epithalamus

Answer 39

Includes pineal gland for melatonin

Question 40

What makes up the brain stem?

Answer 40

Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

Question 41

What does the midbrain do?

Answer 41

Receives and integrates sensory info and sends it to specific regions of the brain

Question 42

Major function of pons and medulla?

Answer 42

Transfer info between PNS and midbrain and forebrain