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AP Biology > Chapter 40: Population Ecology & the Distribution of Organisms > Flashcards

Chapter 40: Population Ecology & the Distribution of Organisms Flashcards

1
Q

What influences the distribution of terrestrial biomes?

A

Earth’s Climate

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2
Q

What are aquatic biomes?

A

diverse and dynamic systems that cover most of Earth

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3
Q

What limits the distribution of species?

A

interactions between organisms and the environment

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4
Q

What do biotic and abiotic factors affect?

A

population density, dispersion, and demographics

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5
Q

What are population dynamics influenced strongly by?

A

life history traits and population density

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6
Q

What is ecology?

A

the scientific study of the interactions between organisms and their environment

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7
Q

What is population?

A

a group of organisms of the same species living in the same geographic area

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8
Q

What is a community?

A

a group of populations of different species

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9
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

a community of organisms in an area and the physical factors with which those organisms interact

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10
Q

What is a landscape?

A

a mosaic of connected ecosystems

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11
Q

What is a biosphere?

A

the global ecosystem (the sum of the planet’s ecosystem)

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12
Q

What does the global ecology examine?

A

the distribution of organisms on Earth

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13
Q

What does landscape ecology focus on?

A

factors controlling exchange of energy, materials, and organisms across ecosystems

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14
Q

What does ecosystem ecology look at?

A

energy flow and chemical cycling in an eosystem

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15
Q

What does community ecology look at?

A

interactions between species.

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16
Q

What is population ecology?

A

how an organisms structure, physiology and behavior meet the challenges posed by the enviroment

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17
Q

What is the most significant influence on the distribution of organisms on land?

A

climate

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18
Q

What is climate?

A

long-term, prevailing weather conditions in a given area

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19
Q

What are the four major components that make up climate?

A

temperature, precipitation, sunlight and wind

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20
Q

What are global climate patterns determined by?

A

the input of solar energy and Earth’s movement

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21
Q

What exerts seasonal, regional, and local effects on climate?

A

the changing angle of the sun over the year, bodies of water, and mountains

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22
Q

What are biomes?

A

major life zones (ecosystem) characterized by vegetation type (in terrestrial biomes) or by physical environment (in aquatic biomes)

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23
Q

What causes latitudinal patterns of biome distribution?

A

the latitudinal patterns of climate over the Earth’s surface

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24
Q

What is a climograph?

A

a plot of the annual mean temperature and precipitation in a particular region

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25
Q

What are the 6 biomes?

A

desert, grassland (temperate), temperate broadleaf forest, tropical forest, northern coniferous forest, arctic and alpine tundra

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26
Q

What is plotted on the x-axis of a climograph

A

Annual mean precipitation (cm)

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27
Q

What is plotted on the y-axis of a climograph?

A

Annual mean temperature (C)

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28
Q

Some arctic tundra ecosystems receive as little rainfall as deserts but have much denser vegetation. What climatic factor might explain the difference?

A

sunlight and wind

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29
Q

Why are some biomes rich in species abundance?

A

species abundance is related to primary productivity (productivity is higher in ecosystems with abundant light energy and warmer temperatures)

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30
Q

What can the distribution of biomes be modified by?

A

a disturbance

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31
Q

What is a disturbance?

A

an event such as a storm, fire, or human activity that changes community

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32
Q

What are most terrestrial biomes named for?

A

predominant vegetation

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33
Q

What are most terrestrial biomes characterized by?

A

microorganisms, fungi, and animals adapted to that particular environment

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34
Q

What are aquatic biomes characterized by?

A

the physical and chemical environment (marine biomes vs. freshwater biomes)

35
Q

What are aquatic biomes divided into?

A

vertical and horizontal zones

36
Q

What is the photic zone?

A

a zone in aquatic biomes where there is sufficient light for photosynthesis

37
Q

What is the aphotic zone?

A

a zone in aquatic biomes where little light penetrates

38
Q

What is the benthic zone?

A

the bottom of all aquatic biomes

39
Q

What are benthos?

A

the community of organisms that live in the benthic zones

40
Q

What is the littoral zone?

A

where waters close to shore that are shallow enough for rooted plants

41
Q

What is a thermocline?

A

a narrow layer of abrupt temperature change which separates the warm upper layers from cold deeper water

42
Q

What do marine algae and photosynthetic bacteria do?

A

supply much of the world’s oxygen and consume large amounts of atmospheric carbon dioxide

43
Q

What is an oligotrophic lake

A

A lake that is nutrient poor and oxygen rich (sterile)

44
Q

What is an eutrophic lake?

A

a lake that is nutrient rich and often depleted of oxygen when heterotrophs use up oxygen at the end of summer

45
Q

What is a wetland?

A

a habitat that is inundated by water at least some of the time supports plants that are adapted to water saturated soil

46
Q

What is an estuary?

A

a transitional area between river and sea. Water in this area is often described as brackish because it is a mixture of fresh and salt water

47
Q

What is an intertidal zone?

A

an area that is periodically submerged and exposed by the tides

48
Q

What are species distribution are consequence of?

A

both ecological factors and evolutionary history

49
Q

What is disperal?

A

the movement of individuals away from their area of origin or from centers of high population density

50
Q

What are biotic factors?

A

living factors in an environment

51
Q

What are abiotic factors?

A

non-living factors in an environment

52
Q
A
53
Q

What does population ecology explore?

A

how biotic and abiotic factors influence the density, distribution and size of a population

54
Q

What Is population density?

A

the number of individuals per unit area or volume

55
Q

What factors increase population density?

A

births and immigration

56
Q

What factors increase population density?

A

deaths and emigration

57
Q

What does ZPG stand for?

A

Zero Population Growth

58
Q

When does ZPG occur?

A

when births equal deaths

59
Q

What are patterns of dispersion?

A

the pattern of spacing among individuals within the boundaries of the population

60
Q

What are three basic patterns of dispersion?

A

clumped, uniform, and random

61
Q

A male stickleback fish attacks other males that invade its nesting territory. Predict the likely pattern of dispersion for male sticklebacks?

A

Uniform

62
Q

What is demography?

A

the study off the vital statistics of populations and how they change over time

63
Q

What are life table?

A

age-specific survival and reproductive rates of individuals in a population. These are produced by following the fate of a cohort.

64
Q

What does type 1 survivorship show?

A

low death rate at birth and middle life and then death rate increases sharply in older age groups. low infant mortality. associated with high parental care

65
Q

What does type II survivorship show?

A

relatively constant birth and death rate.

66
Q

What does type III survivorship show?

A

high death rates early in life, but then death rates decline for older age groups. Usually associated with many offspring and low parental care.

67
Q

What is population growth rate

A

the change in the number of individuals in a given area over time

68
Q

What is the formula for population growth rate?

A

r = (births-deaths/N)

69
Q

What is exponential population growth

A

described as an idealized population growth in an environment with unlimited resources.

70
Q

What shape curve is exponential population growth?

A

J-shaped

71
Q

What is intrinsic rate of increase

A

the per capita rate at which an exponentially growing population increases in size at each instant in time (ideal conditions, unlimited resources)

72
Q

What is carrying capacity?

A

the maximum population size that a particular environment can sustain (K)

73
Q

What is logistical population growth?

A

it charts the growth of a population with unlimited resources when the population is low (exponential growth), but then the rate of population growth approaches zero as the population size nears the carrying capacity

74
Q

What is true about the birth and death rate during exponential growth?

A

birth rate is much greater than death rate

75
Q

What is true about the birth and death rate as the population approaches the carrying capacity?

A

birth rate begins to decrease and/or death rate increases

76
Q

What Is true about the birth and death rate at the carrying capacity?

A

rates are roughly equal

77
Q

What makes up an organism’s life history

A

due to limited resources, there must be a tradeoff between survival and reproductive traits (frequency, number of offspring, and parental care), which make up an organisms’ life history/

78
Q

What is k-selection?

A

selection of life history traits that are sensitive to population density and carrying capacity

79
Q

What is r-selection?

A

selection of life history traits the maximize reproductive success in uncrowded environments

80
Q

What happens at large population sizes?

A

negative feedback is provided by density-dependent regulation which halts population growth through mechanisms that reduce birth rates or increase death rates

81
Q

What are the 6 density-dependent mechanisms?

A

competition for resources, predation, disease, toxic wastes, territoriality, intrinsic factors

82
Q

What are density-independent mechanisms?

A

factors that are unrelated to population density. These factors will affect the same % of a population regardless of population density.

83
Q
A

AP Biology (12 decks)

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