chapter 41

Question 1

interspecific interactions

Answer 1

a relationship between individuals of two or more species

Question 2

interspecific competition -/-

Answer 2

competition for resources between individuals of two or more species

Question 3

competitive exclusion

Answer 3

one species has an advantage that leads to the local elimination of the other

Question 4

ecological niche

Answer 4

the specific set of biotic and abiotic resources that an organism uses in its environment

Question 5

resource partitioning

Answer 5

the division of environmental resources by coexisting species so the niche differs by one or more factors

Question 6

fundamental vs realized niche

Answer 6

fundamental - potential niche that species can occupy

realized - the actual niche they occupy

Question 7

character displacement

Answer 7

the tendency for characteristics to diverge more in sympatric than allopatric populations of two species
galapagos finches

Question 8

predation +/-

Answer 8

interaction between species in which one species, the predator, kills and eats the other, the prey

Question 9

cryptic coloration

Answer 9

camouflage, makes species difficult to see

Question 10

mechanical vs chemical defense

Answer 10

mechanical is like thorns, spikes, etc

chemical is poison, skunks, etc

Question 11

aposematic coloration

Answer 11

a warning coloration, exhibited by animals with effective chemical defenses

Question 12

batesian mimicry

Answer 12

a palatable or harmless species mimics an unpalatable or harmful one, defensive behaviors or coloration, etc

Question 13

mullerian mimicry

Answer 13

two or more unpalatable species resemble each other

Question 14

herbivory +/-

Answer 14

interaction in which an organism eats parts of plant or alga

Question 15

symbiosis

Answer 15

individuals of two or more species live in direct and intimate contact with one another

Question 16

parasitism +/-

Answer 16

parasite derives nourishment from its host

Question 17

endoparasites vs. ectoparasites

Answer 17

endo - live within the body

ecto - feed on the external surface

Question 18

mutualism

Answer 18

+/+ both benefit

Question 19

commensalism

Answer 19

+/0 one benefits, nothing happens to the other

Question 20

facilitation

Answer 20

having positive effects on the survival and reproduction of another species w/o living in direct and intimate contact of a symbiosis

Question 21

species diversity vs species richness

Answer 21

diversity - the variety of diff. species in a community, depends on what is seen
richness - the number of diff species in a community, depends completely on #

Question 22

relative abundance

Answer 22

the proportion each species represents of all individuals in the community

Question 23

biomass

Answer 23

the total mass of all individuals in a population

Question 24

invasive species

Answer 24

organisms that become established outside their native range

Question 25

trophic structure

Answer 25

different feeding relationships in an ecosystem, determine energy flow and chemical cycling route

Question 26

food chain vs. food web

Answer 26

chain - the transfer of food energy up the trophic levels | webs - how the chains are linked together

Question 27

dominant species

Answer 27

most abundant/highest biomass

Question 28

keystone species

Answer 28

not usually abundant in a community but v. important bc of their niche

Question 29

ecosystem engineers

Answer 29

alter the environment, like beavers

Question 30

bottom up vs top down

Answer 30

bottom - the amount at the top depends on the amount at the bottom top - the amount at the top determines the amounts at the bottom (wolf goes up, elk goes down, plants go up, that one)

Question 31

biomanipulation

Answer 31

applying the top-down model to improve ecosystems

Question 32

balance of nature view

Answer 32

all biological communities are at eq'm or stable unless disturbed by human activity

Question 33

stability

Answer 33

a community's tendency to reach and maintain a relatively constant composition of species

Question 34

F.E. Clements

Answer 34

climax community, determined solely by climate

Question 35

A.G. Tansley

Answer 35

micro-climate leads to multiple communities in area, like differences in soil, topography, etc

Question 36

H.A. Gleason

Answer 36

chance and disturbance

Question 37

nonequilibrium model

Answer 37

describes most communities as constantly changing after disturbance

Question 38

intermediate disturbance hypothesis

Answer 38

moderate level of disturbance has more species diversity than high or low levels

Question 39

ecological succession

Answer 39

transition in the species composition of a community following a disturbance

Question 40

primary succession

Answer 40

when the process begins in a virtually lifeless area where soil has not yet formed

Question 41

order of primary succession

Answer 41

prokaryotes/protists -> lichens/mosses -> soil from weather/decomposition -> grasses, shrubs, trees -> dominant vegetation

Question 42

secondary succession

Answer 42

occurs when an existing communities has been cleared by some disturbance but leaves soil intact

Question 43

evapotranspiration

Answer 43

the evaporation of water from soil and plants together | higher this -> higher diversity

Question 44

potential evapotranspiration

Answer 44

a measure of potential water loss that assumes that water is readily available, determined by solar radiation and temp

Question 45

alexander von humboldt

Answer 45

described one of the first patterns of species richness the species area curve

Question 46

species area curve

Answer 46

more area, more species

Question 47

macarthur and wilson

Answer 47

developed a general model of island biogeography to identify key determinants of species diversity on an island

Question 48

pathogens

Answer 48

disease causing organisms and viruses

Question 49

zoonotic pathogens

Answer 49

passed from animals to humans

Question 50

vector

Answer 50

an intermediate species that often spread zoonotic diseases like ticks, lice, etc