Chapter 42

Question 1

Cardiac Cycle

Answer 1

vena cava- right atrium- right ventricle- lungs- pulmonary veins- left atrium- left ventricle- aorta- body

Question 2

systole

Answer 2

contraction phase

Question 3

diastole

Answer 3

relaxation phase

Question 4

blood

Answer 4

55% plasma- 45% cellular elements

Question 5

cellular elements of blood

Answer 5

white blood cells, platelets, red blood cells

Question 6

leukocytes

Answer 6

white blood cells- basophils, neutrophils, monocytes, eosinophils

Question 7

erythrocyte function

Answer 7

red blood cells transport O2 and CO2

Question 8

stem cells

Answer 8

found in bone marrow, give rise to all the different types of blood cells

Question 9

myeloid stem cells

Answer 9

basophils, neutrophils, RBC, monocytes, eosinophils, platelets

Question 10

lymphoid stem cells

Answer 10

lymphocytes- B cells and T cells

Question 11

atherosclerosis

Answer 11

hardening of the arteries

Question 12

platelet function

Answer 12

clotting

Question 13

cholesterol function

Answer 13

needed for bile, vitamin D, steroid hormones, and cell membranes. Contributes to plaque formation.

Question 14

types of cholesterol

Answer 14

HDL and LDL

Question 15

cholesterol travel

Answer 15

cholesterol is hydrophobic so it travels in the blood of lipoprotein complexes

Question 16

HDL- high- density lipoproteins

Answer 16

Carries cholesterol from the tissues to the liver to be processed(conversion to bile) or eliminated

Question 17

LDL- low- density lipoproteins

Answer 17

Carries cholesterol to tissue

Question 18

HDL

Answer 18

reduces the risk of heart disease

Question 19

LDL

Answer 19

increases the risk of heart disease, binds to the cells of the arterial wall, and contributes to plaque formation

Question 20

heart attack

Answer 20

blockage in the coronary artery

Question 21

stroke

Answer 21

blockage in an artery in the brain

Question 22

hypertension

Answer 22

high blood pressure damages arterial walls

Question 23

hardened arteries

Answer 23

narrower and elastic, leads to hypertension

Question 24

the greater the concentration difference, the faster the diffusion

Answer 24

true

Question 25

Which of the following results in the greatest blood pressure in the mammalian aorta?

Answer 25

systole of the left ventricle

Question 26

tracheal system of insects

Answer 26

a series of internal tubes, branching to contact individual cells. This system delivers gases directly to cells, without a circulatory system.

Question 27

gills

Answer 27

external surfaces that function in gas exchange

Question 28

countercurrent exchange

Answer 28

helps maintain a concentration gradient with higher O2 outside and lower O2 inside across the whole system

Question 29

fishes need a CC exchange because

Answer 29

the concentration of O2 dissolved in water is much less in

Question 30

Although countercurrent flow transfers dissolved oxygen more efficiently in gills, the actual transfer of oxygen from the water to the blood still involves which process?

Answer 30

diffusion

Question 31

How is the position of the lung tissue inside the body cavity an advantage for terrestrial animals?

Answer 31

helps prevent them from drying out

Question 32

frog respiration

Answer 32

frogs have no diaphragm and use positive pressure breathing to bring air into their lungs.

Question 33

What pressure do humans and other mammals use to fill their lungs?

Answer 33

Negative pressure breathing

Question 34

Bird respiration

Answer 34

Birds have "air sacs" that allow air to flow through their lungs in one direction.

Question 35

Unidirectional flow allows

Answer 35

more efficient countercurrent gas exchange

Question 36

Where would you expect the concentration of oxygen (PO2) to be highest?

Answer 36

alveoli

Question 37

How many O2 molecules can hemoglobin bind?

Answer 37

4

Question 38

How is CO2 transported?

Answer 38

Some are bound to hemoglobin, and most are converted to bicarbonate

Question 39

Higher O2 concentration results in...

Answer 39

tighter hemoglobin binding(but hemoglobin does not bind as tightly in acidic enviornments)

Question 40

myoglobin

Answer 40

protein found in cardiac and skeletal muscle that binds oxygen and stores it.

Question 41

High elevation adaptation

Answer 41

They have hemoglobin that binds oxygen more tightly than humans, more alveoli and blood vessels, and a larger heart.

Question 42

athletes have

Answer 42

Slower heart rates, more red blood cells, stronger heart

Question 43

Erythropoietin(EPO)

Answer 43

A hormone released by the kidneys, when muscles do not receive enough O2, which stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow.

Question 44

Breathing is regulated by:

Answer 44

Brain sensors monitor pH, aorta sensors monitor O2

Question 45

If the pH of the blood decreases, the heart’s pacemaker would

Answer 45

speed up the heartbeat

Question 46

Sea creatures can hold their breath for long periods because:

Answer 46

Increased O2 stores, anaerobic metabolism, reduced O2 usage, (gliding instead of swimming, and redistribution of blood flow)