The Immune System

Question 1

pathogens

Answer 1

agents that cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or others

Question 2

Function of Immune System

Answer 2

recognizes foreign bodies and responds with the production of immune cells and proteins

Question 3

innate immunity

Answer 3

a defense active immediately upon infection, consists of external barriers, and internal cellular and chemical defenses

Question 4

adaptive immunity

Answer 4

a defense developed after exposure to toxic agents. Specific response to pathogens.

Question 5

innate immunity is found in

Answer 5

all animals and plants

Question 6

adaptive immunity is found in

Answer 6

all vertebrates

Question 7

phagocytosis

Answer 7

the ingestion and breakdown of foreign substances including bacteria

Question 8

lysozyme

Answer 8

an enzyme, in the digestive system, that breaks down bacterial cell walls, protecting against pathogens ingested with food

Question 9

innate immunity in insects

Answer 9

exoskeleton

Question 10

innate defenses in humans

Answer 10

phagocytosis, barrier defenses, and antimicrobial peptides, inflammatory response,

Question 11

barrier defenses

Answer 11

the skin and mucous membranes of the respiratory, urinary, and reproductive tracts. Many body fluids including saliva, mucus, and tears are hostile to many microbes

Question 12

Toll-like receptors (TLRs)

Answer 12

phagocytic cells recognize groups of pathogens by TLRs

Question 13

cellular innate defense

Answer 13

Pathogens entering the mammalian body are subject to phagocytosis.

Question 14

phagocytic cells(2)

Answer 14

neutrophils and macrophages.

Question 15

neutrophils

Answer 15

circulate in the blood and are attracted by signals from infected tissue.

Question 16

macrophages

Answer 16

a type of phagocytic cell found throughout the body

Question 17

T cells

Answer 17

an adaptive immunity

Question 18

B cells

Answer 18

lymphoid cells that turn into the adaptive immunity of antibodies

Question 19

2 other phagocytic cells

Answer 19

dendritic cells, within cells that contact the environment, and eosinophils, discharge destructive enzymes beneath mucosal surfaces

Question 20

cellular innate defense of natural killer cells

Answer 20

These cells circulate the body and detect abnormal cells, release chemicals leading to cell death, ending viral infections.

Question 21

interferons

Answer 21

provides innate defense, interfering with viruses and activating macrophages.

Question 22

inflammatory response

Answer 22

The inflammatory response, such as pain and swelling, is brought about by molecules released upon injury of infection. Such as mast cells, cytokines

Question 23

fever

Answer 23

the systemic(throughout the body) inflammatory response triggered by substances released by macrophages

Question 24

septic shock

Answer 24

a life-threatening condition caused by an overwhelming inflammatory response

Question 25

mast cells

Answer 25

releases histamine, which triggers blood vessels to dilate and become more permeable

Question 26

cytokines

Answer 26

released by monocytes and neutrophils, they are signaling molecules that modulate the immune response and promote blood flow to the site of injury or infection

Question 27

The adaptive response relies on:

Answer 27

lymphocytes: that are mature in the thymus above the heart(T cells), and those that are mature in bone marrow(B cells)

Question 28

antigens

Answer 28

substances that can elicit a response from a B or T cell

Question 29

epitope

Answer 29

The small accessible part of an antigen that binds to an antigen receptor

Question 30

B-cell antigen receptor

Answer 30

Y- shaped, 2 heavy chains and 2 light chains

Question 31

the V region of the heavy and light chains forms:

Answer 31

the antigen-binding site

Question 32

antibody or immunoglobulin(Ig)

Answer 32

The binding of a B cell antigen receptor to an antigen gives rise to cells that secrete a soluble form of the protein(Ig)

Question 33

antigen recognition by T cells

Answer 33

Each T cell receptor consists of two different polypeptide chains (called α and β). The tips of the chain form a variable (V) region; the rest is a constant (C) region. The V regions of the α and β chains together form an antigen-binding site. T cells bind only to antigen fragments displayed or presented on a host cell

Question 34

MHC (major histocompatibility complex)

Answer 34

molecules are host proteins that display the antigen fragments on the cell surface

Question 35

antigen presentation

Answer 35

MHC molecules bind and transport the antigen fragments to the cell surface, a process called antigen presentation

Question 36

T cells bind to:

Answer 36

both the antigen fragment and the MHC molecule. This interaction is necessary for the T cell to participate in the adaptive immune response

Question 37

The adaptive immune system has four major characteristics

Answer 37

Diversity of lymphocytes and receptors Self-tolerance; lack of reactivity against an animal’s own molecules Proliferation of B and T cells after activation Immunological memory

Question 38

B and T cell diversity: ex. light chain gene

Answer 38

The gene contains one C segment, 40 different V segments, and 5 different J segments

Question 39

immunology memory

Answer 39

is responsible for long-term protection against diseases

Question 40

primary immune response

Answer 40

first exposure to a specific antigen. During this time, selected B and T cells give rise to their effector forms

Question 41

secondary immune response

Answer 41

In which memory cells facilitate a faster, stronger, and longer response

Question 42

allergies

Answer 42

exaggerated (hypersensitive) responses to antigens called allergens

Question 43

Antihistamine function

Answer 43

Antihistamines block receptors for histamine and diminish allergy symptoms

Question 44

autoimmune diseases

Answer 44

In individuals with autoimmune diseases, the immune system targets certain molecules of the body. ex arthritis