Chapter 44 and 40- Regulating the internal environment Flashcards
(75 cards)
1
Q
Homeostasis
A
Maintaining a stable internal environment
2
Q
What are some factors that animals must hold relatively constant?
• 4 things
A
- temp
- glucose
- blood pressure
- pH
3
Q
How can homeostasis be measured?
• 3 steps
A
1. Sensor: Detects increased BP •deliver action potentials 2. Control center: Brain (medulla) •action potentials 3. Effector: perform response (decrease BP - dilate vessel)
4
Q
Negative feedback
A
Input and Output are in opposite directions
5
Q
3 elements of homeostasis
A
- Osmoregulation
- Excretion
- Thermoregulation
6
Q
Osmoregulation
•definition
•what kind of animals
•2 strategies
A
- achieving proper water and salt balance
- live in diverse environments: aquatic, freshwater, marine, terrestrial
- Osmoconformers and osmoregulators
7
Q
Osmolarity •formula •Human blood •Ocean •Freshwater
A
- Moles of solute/volume of solvent (H2O) = milliosmoles/liter
- 300
- 1000
- 50
8
Q
Osmoconformers • solute concentration •main solute •Energy? •example
A
- same solute concentration as environment (isotonic/iso-osmotic)
- Sodium (Na)
- Spends no energy on osmoregulation
- marine invertebrate
9
Q
Osmoregulators
•solute concentration
•energy?
•examples
A
- control solute concentration and differs from environment
- uses ATP
- Terrestrial animals: Freshwater and marine invertebrates
10
Q
How do freshwater fish osmoregulate? •The problem •The solution: Urine,gills • Solutes and H2O •example
A
- They gain water
- Urine: dilute
- Gills: take up salt
- Hi solutes in and lo out
- Hi H2O out and lo in
- trout
11
Q
How do saltwater fish osmoregulate? •The problem •The solution: Urine,gills • Solutes and H2O •example
A
- water loss
- Urine: concentrated
- Gills: Pumps out salt
- Hi solutes out and lo in
- Hi water in and lo out
- cod
12
Q
How do terrestrail animals osmoregulate?
•The problem and why?
•how do they gain H2O? lose?
A
- water loss because they are not surrounded by water
- By eating and drinking
- By sweating, urine, breathing, and feces
13
Q
Anhydrobiosis
A
Animals that can survive extreme hydration and live in temporary water
14
Q
What generates nitrogen-containing waste?
A
Protein an nucleic acid metabolism
15
Q
-NH2 amino groups converted to
A
Ammonia (NH3)
16
Q
3 types of nitrogenous wastes
A
- Ammonia
- Urea
- Uric Acid
17
Q
Ammonia • Toxicity • Energy required to produce it • Water required to eliminate it • Animals that excrete this type of waste
A
- Highly toxic
- Low energy
- High (diluted in H2O)
- Fish
18
Q
Urea • Toxicity • Energy required to produce it • Water required to eliminate it • Animals that excrete this type of waste
A
- Medium
- Medium amount
- Medium amount
- Mammals and amphibians
19
Q
Uric Acid • Toxicity • Energy required to produce it • Water required to eliminate it • Animals that excrete this type of waste
A
- Low
- High amounts
- Low (Excreted as a pasty precipitate)
- Birds, reptiles, insects
20
Q
4 steps for excretion
•Basic feature
•steps
A
•built on tubes
- Filtration
- Reabsorption
- Secretion
- Excretion
21
Q
Filtration
A
Body fluid enter tube and it filtrates the fluid
22
Q
Reabsorption
•definition
•examples
A
- Return of substances in filtrate to animal body
* Glucose, AA, Na+
23
Q
Secretion
•definition
•examples
A
- add substances to filtrate
* drugs, acid
24
Q
Excretion
A
excrete urine from body
25
4 excretory systems
1. protonephridia
2. metanephridia
3. malpighian tubules
4. Kidney
26
Protonephridia
•present in
•how does it work
•Planaria (phylum Platyhelminthes)
1. Body fluid enters the flame bulb
2. Cilia inside bulb draw fluid in
3. Fluid flows into tubule and through pore in body wall
27
```
Metanephridia
•present in
• 4 steps
•how many per segment
• what is reabsorbed and by what
•what kind of urine is produced
```
```
•earthworms and mollusks
•1. Internal opening
2. Collecting tubule
3. Bladder
4. External opening
•one per segment
• Salts (Na+) reabsorbed by collecting tubule
• dilute
```
28
```
Malpighian tubules
•present in
•made of
• 5 steps
• Advantage
```
```
•insects
•tubes connected to digestive tract
1. Body fluids (salts, water, waste) enters malpighian
2. Fluid enters intestine
3. Reabsorbs H2O to body
4. Feces and urine combination is left behind
5. 1 waste is excreted from anus
• H2O conservation
```
29
Kidney
•present in
•the 2 kidneys are what percent of body weight
•how much blood flow do kidneys receive
* vertebrates
* 1%
* 25%
30
Ureter
Transport urine to bladder
31
Urinary bladder
Stores urine
32
Nephrons
•where is it located
•function
•5 structures
```
•in the renal medulla and renal cortex
•produces urine
1. Bowman's capsule (closed end)
2. Proximal convoluted tubule
3. Loop of henle
4. Distal convoluted tubule
5. Collecting tubule duct
```
33
Renal pelvis
Collects urine
34
Proximal convoluted tubule
Center twisted tubule
35
Distal convoluted tubule
Distance twisted tubule
36
Urine formation
| •2 steps
1. Filtration
| 2. Reabsorption
37
Filtration in the nephron
Fluid from blood enters Bowman's capsule and forms filtrate
38
Reabsorption in nephron
•definition
•how much is returned
•what is it controlled by
* returns substances to body
* 99% is returned
* 2 hormones: antidiuretic and aldosterone
39
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
Increases H2O reabsorption and conserves H2O
40
Aldosterone
Increases Na+ reabsorption
41
If ADH levels are low will you produces a large volume of dilute urine or a small volume of concentrated urine
Large volume of dilute urine
42
For every __ degrees rise in temperature, enzyme activity __
* 10 C
| * increases 2-3 times
43
Animals exchange heat with their environment by what 4 processes?
1. Radiation
2. Conduction
3. Convection
4. Evaporation
44
Radiation
•how it exchanges heat
•contact
•example
* transfer of heat from a warmer object
* NOT in direct contact with warmer object
* butterfly
45
Conduction
•definition
•example
Transfer of heat by direct contact with warmer object
| •lizard
46
Convection
•definition
•example
* Transfer of heat by movement of air past a surface
| * horses
47
Evaporation
•definition
•example
* removal of heat from liquid to gas
| * humans, dogs
48
2 thermal characteristics of animals
1. Ectotherms
| 2. Endotherms
49
Ectotherms
•definition
•examples
Gain heat from environment
| •Reptiles, fish, amphibians, all invertebrates
50
Endotherms
•definition
•examples
* generates its own heat from metabolism
* mammals and birds
* "warm-blooded"
51
Metabolic rate
the amount of energy used by an animal/time
52
Who has a greater metabolic rate, endotherms or ectotherms?
Endotherms
53
Basal metabolic rate
minimum metabolic rate of a fasting, nongrowing endotherm at rest under a comfortable temperature range
54
How do you determine a temperature range in a basal metabolic rate?
by measuring oxygen consumption
55
Who consumes more energy per kg of tissue, small or large animals?
Small animals
56
3 approaches to sex in animals
1. Parthenogenesis
2. Hermaphroditism (monoecious)
3. Biparental reproduction (dioecious)
57
Parthenogenesis
•definition
•example
* development of an embryo from an unfertilized egg; virgin birth
* honeybees, whip-tail lizards
58
```
Hermaphrodites
•definition
•what does it require
•advantage
•examples
```
* One individual has both testes and ovaries and can produce both eggs and sperm
* Requires another individual to reproduce
* Do not need anyone else
* Barnacles, and earthworms
59
Biparental reproduction
| •2 mechanisms
1. External fertilization
| 2. Internal fertilization
60
External Fertilization
•definition
•Common in what type of animal?
•Why is it uncommon in land animals
* females release eggs into water and males release sperm into the water containing the eggs. The union of the egg and sperm then occurs
* animals that live in water
* Because it can dry out (desiccation)
61
Internal Fertilization
•definition
•advantage it offers terrestrial animals
* Introduction of males gametes into the female reproduction tract
* The egg and sperm will not dry out
62
Copulation
Introduction of sperm by the male into female's body
63
3 strategies for embryonic development
1. oviparity
2. ovoviviparity
3. viviparity
64
Oviparity
•definition
•examples
* Eggs are fertilized internally but are deposited outside the mother's body to complete development
* all birds, most reptiles
65
```
Ovoviviparity
•definition
•what do the embryos obtain
•what is released from the mother
•examples
```
* fertilized eggs are retained in mother to complete their development
* all nourishment from egg yolk
* live you are hatched and released
* some bony fish (guppies, mollies), some reptiles, some cartilage fish
66
Viviparity
•definition
•what do the embryos obtain
•examples
* fertilized eggs are retained in mother to complete their development
* all nourishment from mother's blood and NOT egg yolk
* most cartilaginous fish, few reptiles, almost all mammals
67
Seasonal breeders
* reproduce once a year
| * definite mating season
68
3 reproductioncycles
1. estrous cycle
2. Menstrual cycle
3. Induced ovulators
69
Estrous cycle
* period when female is sexually receptive to males
* females are in estrus
* occurs around the time of ovulation
* males are more constant in their reproductive activity
* example:dog
70
Menstrual cycle
* no distinct period of sexual receptivity
* may engage in copulation any time during the cycle
* females bleed when they shed their inner lining of uterus during menstruation
* female humans and apes
71
Induced ovulators
Females ovulate only after copulation
| •example:rabbits and cats
72
Three reproduction patterns in mammals
1. monotremes
2. Marsupials
3. Placental
73
Monotremes
•definition
•example
* egg laying mammals
| * platypus
74
Marsupials
•how to they give birth
•development
•examples
* to fetuses that are incompletely developed
* is in a pouch of the mother's skin where the fetuses obtain nourishment from nipples of the mammary glands
* kangaroo and possum
75
Placental
•where are the fetus's
•how are they nourished
•example
* remain in the mother for long periods
* by a structure called the placenta
* nutrients and gas exchange between fetus and mother occur in the placenta
* cat, lemur, human
