Chapter 46 bio

Question 1

Digestion

Answer 1

Food is broken down into smaller molecules

Question 2

What is Absorption?

Answer 2

ions, water and small molecules diffuse or are transported into the circulatory system

Question 3

What is nutrient absorption?

Answer 3

the process of consuming and using food as nutrients

Question 4

What is the order of Digestion? from first to last.

Answer 4

Carbohydrates, proteins, fats

Question 5

What are the 5 organic nutrients?

Answer 5

Carbohydrates
proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
Vitamins

Question 6

What are Carbohydrates?

Answer 6

carbon source, starchy plants

Question 7

What are proteins?

Answer 7

Meat, builds muscle

Question 8

What are lipids?

Answer 8

-Building blocks of cell membranes
-fatty meats
-insulator
-plant oils

Question 9

What is nucleic acid?

Answer 9

-components can be synthesized from amino acids and sugar

Question 10

what happens if you lack carbohydrates?

Answer 10

cause weakness in muscles and weight loss

Question 11

what happens if lack of proteins?

Answer 11

muscle weakness
-weight loss

Question 12

what happens if lack lipids?

Answer 12

hair loss, dry skin, weight loss, and hormone imbalance.

Question 13

what happens if lack nucleic acid ?

Answer 13

no effects if not present

Question 14

What is ingestion ?

Answer 14

food is taken into the body and moved into the digestive cavity

Question 15

what is egestion ?

Answer 15

undigested materials and other wastes are passed from the body

Question 16

What are the four essential nutrients?

Answer 16

Essential amino acids
Essential fatty acids
water-soluble vitamins
fat-soluble vitamins
minerals

Question 17

what are examples of Essential amino acids?

Answer 17

leucine and tryptophan

Question 18

what are examples of essential fatty acids ?

Answer 18

Linoleic acid, polyunsaturated
-Unsaturated fatty acids found primarily in plants
-Strict carnivores obtain them from fish or adipose tissue of birds and mammals

Question 19

what happens if you lack essential fatty acids?

Answer 19

effects smooth muscle contractions

Question 20

lack in what causes rickets and night blindness?

Answer 20

Vitamins A,D,E,K

Question 21

What is intracellular digestion?

Answer 21

Found in sponges
Phagocytosis of small bits of food.
-single celled organisms
-hydrolytic enzymes are in ALL cells
-does not meet metabolic demands
slow digestion and absorption

Question 22

What is Extracellular digestion?

Answer 22

Found in cnidarians and flatworms
-inferior of cells in protected by hydrolytic enzymes
-have GASTROVASCULAR cavity (single opening outside)
Large prey can be consumed

Question 23

what is the alimentary canal?

Answer 23

digestive cavity where food enters an opening on one end and passes through the animal in one direction, as it is digested.

Question 24

How are nutrients absorbed by the alimentary canal?

Answer 24

Nutrients must be absorbed by the epithelial cells lining alimentary canal

Question 25

what are the 3 ways they are transported.

Answer 25

Simple diffusion Facilitated diffusion Active transport

Question 26

How are fatty acids transported ?

Answer 26

diffuse down concentration gradient across epithelium

Question 27

how are ions transported?

Answer 27

by facilitated diffusion or active transport

Question 28

how are minerals transported?

Answer 28

actively transported across membranes of epithelial cells by ATP dependent ion pumps

Question 29

What is the order of the way food is digested?

Answer 29

mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, intestines and anus

Question 30

what are carbohydrates digested by?

Answer 30

by amylase/brush border enzymes

Question 31

what are proteins digested by?

Answer 31

Proteases in stomach and small intestines

Question 32

what are lipids digested by?

Answer 32

lipases

Question 33

are vitamins and minerals digested ?

Answer 33

no, they are only absorped

Question 34

What role does hormones play?

Answer 34

regulate rate of digestion in epithelium of the stomach and small intestine

Question 35

What is gastrin ?

Answer 35

-stimulates smooth muscle contractions in the stomach -stimulates acid production in the stomach

Question 36

What about secretin and cholecystokinin?

Answer 36

-release is stimulated by the arrival of acidic chyme in the small intestine

Question 37

impact of diarrhea on health

Answer 37

Typically caused by infection, but many other causes Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae from ingesting contaminated food or water At least 2,000 people die each year Chief concern is loss of nutrients and water and ensuing Dehydration

Question 38

Heartburn on health

Answer 38

1 in 4 in the U.S. suffer caused by stomach acid rising into esophagus Many contributing factors

Question 39

Ulcers on health

Answer 39

Erosion of alimentary canal Most common in stomach, small intestine, and lower esophagus -Usually less than an inch wide if untreated, contents of lumen may leak into body cavity 20 million Americans have an ulcer