Chapter 46: Renal and Urologic Problems Flashcards
(43 cards)
Very common, especially in women. Escherichia coli most common pathogen. Upper urinary tract: renal parenchyma, pelvis, and ureters
Lower urinary tract: usually no systemic manifestations; dysuria, frequency, urgency, hematuria, cloudy urine. Examples: cystitis, urethritis.
Elderly have weird sx- diffuse abdominal pain, cognitive impairment
Can develop into urosepsis and septic shock.
Uncomplicated: occurs in otherwise normal urinary tract
Complicated: coexists with presence of obstruction, stones, catheters, diabetes/neurologic disease, pregnancy- induced changes, recurrent infection
Urinary Tract Infection (UTI)
Dx of UTI
UA by dipstick: look for nitrites, WBCs, leukocyte esterase
Urine C&S: specimen by catheterization or suprapubic needle aspiration more accurate. Determine bacteria susceptibility to ABX
CT urography or US when obstruction suspected
UTI Tx
Complicated: short course (1-3 days) of ABX
Complicated: longer term (7-14 days)
TMP/SMX (Bactrim) bid: increased incidence of E.coli resistance to TMP-SMX
Nitrofurantoin (macrodantin) rid or aid: long-acting, Microbic, bid. Avoid sunlight, use sunscreen, wear protective clothing
Ampicillin, amoxicillin, cephalosporins
Perineum is better than Tylenol for pain (turns urine red-orange)
May take low-dose ABX daily or a single dose before event that provokes a UTI (i.e. intercourse).
Fluoroquinolones: treat cx UTIs. ex, Cipro
Antifungals for UTIS d/t fungi: amphotericin or fluconazole
UTI prevention
Empty bladder regularly and completely (every 3-4 hours)
Evacuate bowel regularly.
Wipe from front to back
Drink adequate amounts of liquid (2000 mL)
Daily cranberry juice or cranberry essence tabs
Take all ABX as prescribed
Empty bladder before and after intercourse
No douches, soaps, powders, sprays, bubble baths
Avoid caffeine, alcohol, citrus juices, chocolate, highly spiced foods/beverages
Local heat or warm bath/shower
Temporarily stop using a diaphragm
Hospital Acquired Infections (HAIs): Avoid unnecessary catheterization. Remove catheters as soon as possible. Wash hands well. Wear gloves when handling catheter. Through perineal hygiene. Maintain sterile closed system.
Usually starts with a lower tract infection and a preexisting factor. Most commonly c/b bacteria. Recurring infections can cause scarring, kidney malfunction, and chronic pyelonephritis.
S/S: mild fatigue, chills, fever, vomiting, malaise, flank pain, dysuria, urgency, frequency, CVA tenderness.
Acute pyelonephritis
Lab studies: UA- pyuria (+WBCs), bacteriuria (+bacteria), hematuria (+blood), WBC casts, positive urine culture. Urine C&S. CBC (shifts to the left, leukocytosis), Blood cultures if bacteremia is suspected.
Radiology: renal ultrasound, CT urography, do NOT do an IVP (can spread infection).
Dx of UTIs
Tx of UTIs
severe with cx: hospitalization
Mild- treat as an outpatient. ABX for 14-21 days (expect sx to improve within 2-3 days).
If relapse, another 6 week course of ABX
Re-infection: treat as individual episodes
Prophylaxis with low dose ABX to prevent recurrence
Fluids, rest, risk of septic shock
Systemic infection from urologic source (close observation and VS monitoring). Prompt dx and tx critical. Can lead to septic shock and death. Septic shock- outcome of unresolved bacteremia involving gram-negative organism
Urosepsis
Kidneys become small, atrophic, shrunken and lose function d/t scarring or fibrosis. C/b recurring infections. Dx by imaging, not by sx. Often progresses to end-stage renal disease esp. if both kidneys are involved.
Chronic pyelonephritis
The nurse identifies which pt as having the greatest risk for a UTI?
a) A 37 y/o man with renal colic associated with kidney stones
b) A 26 y/o pregnant woman who has a hx of UTIs
c) A 69 y/o man who has urinary retention c/b benign prostatic hyperplasia
d) A 72 y/o woman hospitalized with a stroke who has a urinary catheter b/c of urinary incontinence
d) A 72 y/o woman hospitalized with a stroke who has a urinary catheter b/c of urinary incontinence
Most common cause in men is sexually transmitted disease (gonococcal if purulent discharge; can cause distress). Hard to dx in women. Tx: Bactrim, Macrodantin, other ABX as specific for the infection. Important to avoid intercourse until sx subside and treat sexual partners from last 60 days.
Urethritis
Usually result of fibrosis or inflammation from trauma, gonococcal urethritis, surgery or frequent cats, congenital defects, BPH.
S/S: diminished force of urine stream, straining to void, spraying stream, post-void dribbling, split urine stream, incomplete bladder emptying, frequency, nocturia.
Risk of acute urinary retention (EMERGENCY)
Dx: retrograde urethrography, VCUG
Tx: dilation (usually have recurrence), if recurrent can have pt self-acth few days to dilate
Urethral stricture
S/S: bladder pain, urgency, frequency, pain during intercourse
Pain is worsened by bladder filling, postponing urination, physical exertion, pressure against suprapubic area, eating certain foods, stress.
Pain is temporarily relieved by urination.
Dx of exclusion (looks like a UTI but no bacteriuria or pyuria, negative urine culture)
UTI is a cx.
Interstitial Cystitis
Tx of interstitial cystitis
Avoid bladder irritants (i.e. coffee, OJ, multivitamins, see others on UTI slide). Prelief (OTC med) to alkalinize the urine. Alluvial or nortriptyline for burning pain. No drugs provide immediate relief so may need opioids. Can give meds directly into the bladder through a small catheter (i.e. DMSO, heparin, hyaluronic acid, lidocaine, BCG). Avoid clothing that creates pressure (i.e. tight waistbands, tight belts)
Immune disorder c/b antibody-induced injury or deposition of immune complexes.
S/S: hematuria, proteinuria, urinary excretion of RBCs, WBCs, casts, elevated BUN and creatinine; swollen face, blood in the urine, decreased urine output, increased BP
Oftentimes have a hx of drug exposure, infections, immune disorders
Most commonly associated withs strep
Glomerulonephritis
Develops 5-21 days after strep throat infection.
S/S: body edema (eyes first), HTN, smoky or rust-colored urine, proteinuria, oliguria, abdominal/flank pain (no UTI sx).
Dx: positive ASO titers; erythrocyte casts.
Do a renal biopsy.
Tx: rest, restricted sodium and fluid intake, diuretics, antihypertensives, may restrict protein, only give ABC if strep infection is still present
95% recover completely
Acute post-streptococcal glomerulonephritis (APSGN)
Rare autoimmune disease seen mostly in young, male smokers.
S/S: flu-like sx with pulmonary sx, hematuria, weakness, pallor, anemia
Dx: serum anti-GBM antibodies, low Hgb/Hct, elevated BUN and creatinine
Tx: corticosteroids, plasmapheresis, immunosuppressants, dialysis, renal transplant
Goodpasture syndrome
Glomerulus is excessively permeable to protein causing proteinuria that leads to low plasma albumin and tissue edema.
S/S: edema (anasarca), HTN, massive proteinuria, hyperlipidemia, hypoalbuminemia, weight gain, decreased serum protein
Tx: sx control, low-sodium diet, low to moderate protein diet, corticosteroids
Nephrotic syndrome
Any anatomic or functional condition that blocks urine flow. Congenital or acquired. Infection increases risk of irreversible damage. Can lead to reflux, hydrometer, hydronephrosis. Tx: relieve blockage
Obstructive uropathies
More common in men. Increased incidence: white persons, family hx of stone formation, previous hx (recur in up to 50% of pts), summer months (suggests dehydration as a cause).
Urinary tract calculi
More common with urinary diversions, long-term catheters, neurogenic bladder, urinary retention. Can get infected. Calculus- the stone. Lithiasis- stone formation. Calcium stones are the most common type. Keep urine dilute and free-flowing.
Nephrolithiasis (Kidney stones)
Reduce dietary oxalate (green veggies, tomatoes, beets, nuts, chocolate, cocoa, tea); give diuretics; reduce sodium intake
Calcium oxalate or phosphate
Usually in women. Always associated with UTI. Give ABX. Acetohydroxamic acid, remove stone with surgery, acidify urine
Struvite (magnesium ammonium phosphate)
Usually in men, alkalinize urine, give allopurinol, reduce dietary purines (red meats, shellfish, fish)
Uric acid