chapter 5

Question 1

dehydration reaction

Answer 1

occurs when two monomers bond together through the loss of a water molecule;

Question 2

Hydrolysis

Answer 2

Polymers are disassembled to monomers by hydrolysis, a reaction that is essentially the reverse of the dehydration reaction

Question 3

Monosaccharides

Answer 3

single, simple sugars

Question 4

Disaccharides

Answer 4

composed of two covalently bonded simple sugars

Question 5

Polysaccharides

Answer 5

polymers composed of many covalently bonded sugar monomers

Question 6

What is cellulose?

Answer 6

A structural polysaccharide in plants

Question 7

Which organisms produce cellulose?

Answer 7

Plants

Question 8

How is cellulose different from starch?

Answer 8

Cellulose has indigestible beta glycosidic linkages; starch has easily broken alpha glycosidic linkages

Question 9

What is cellulose’s function: a) in plants, b) in animals?

Answer 9

a) give structure to plant cell walls b) Dietary fiber

Question 10

What monosaccharide do we obtain from hydrolysis of starch?

Answer 10

Glucose (C6H12O6)

Question 11

Fats

Answer 11

energy storage, constructed from two types of smaller molecules: glycerol and fatty acids

Question 12

Phospholipids

Answer 12

make cell membranes

Question 13

Steroids

Answer 13

responsible for cell membrane rigidity and hormone production

Question 14

Saturated fats

Answer 14

have no double bond in fatty acids, are solid at room temperature, and generally come from animal products

Question 15

Unsaturated fats

Answer 15

have double bonds in fatty acids, are liquid at room temperature, and generally found come from plant products

Question 16

Structure of phospholipids

Answer 16

two fatty acids and a phosphate group are attached to glycerol; The two fatty acid tails are hydrophobic, but the phosphate group and its attachments form a hydrophilic head;

Question 17

Function of phospholipids

Answer 17

serve as the primary component of cell membranes

Question 18

Structure of steroids

Answer 18

characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

Question 19

Function of steroids

Answer 19

to maintain membrane fluidity and as hormones

Question 20

How do steroids differ from other fats?

Answer 20

Have a fused ring structure instead of fatty acids

Question 21

What are some purposes of cholesterol?

Answer 21

maintain membrane fluidity and as precursor to hormones

Question 22

What are some major functions of proteins?

Answer 22

structural support, storage, transport, cellular communications, movement, and defense

Question 23

Describe the structure of an amino acid.

Answer 23

organic molecules with carboxyl and amino groups

Question 24

What does the ‘R’ group on an amino acid determine?

Answer 24

Different properties of amino acids (polar, non-polar, ionic – acidic or basic)

Question 25

Primary level of protein organization

Answer 25

the sequence of amino acids in a protein, is like the order of letters in a long word; Primary structure is determined by inherited genetic information

Question 26

Secondary level of protein organization

Answer 26

The coils and folds resulting from hydrogen bonds between repeating constituents of the polypeptide backbone; Typical secondary structures are a coil called a helix and a folded structure called a pleated sheet

Question 27

Tertiary level of protein organization

Answer 27

determined by interactions between R groups; Interactions include hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, hydrophobic interactions, and van der Waals interactions; Strong covalent bonds called disulfide bridges may reinforce the protein’s structure

Question 28

Quaternary level of protein organization

Answer 28

two or more polypeptide chains form one macromolecule

Question 29

DNA

Answer 29

deoxyribose sugar, double stranded, thymine instead of uracil

Question 30

RNA

Answer 30

ribose sugar, single stranded, uracil instead of thymine

Question 31

What are the 5 nitrogenous bases?

Answer 31

Adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil

Question 32

Which bases are complementary between a) DNA strands, b) DNA and RNA strands?

Answer 32

a) adenine and thymine, guanine and cytosine, b) Adenine and uracil, guanine and cytosine

Question 33

Macromolecule

Answer 33

large molecules composed of thousands of covalently connected atoms

Question 34

Monomer

Answer 34

small building-block molecules that bond together to form polymers

Question 35

Polymer

Answer 35

long molecule consisting of many similar building blocks (monomers)

Question 36

Phosphate

Answer 36

PO4

Question 37

enzyme

Answer 37

catalytic protein

Question 38

catalyst

Answer 38

substance that speeds up chemical reactions

Question 39

polypeptide

Answer 39

unbranched polymers built from amino acids

Question 40

polynucleotides

Answer 40

nucleic acid polymers

Question 41

purine

Answer 41

(adenine and guanine) have a six-membered ring fused to a five-membered ring

Question 42

pyrimidine

Answer 42

(cytosine, thymine, and uracil) have a single six-membered ring

Question 43

denaturation

Answer 43

breakdown of the secondary, tertiary, or quaternary structure of proteins

Question 44

double helix

Answer 44

two polynucleotides spiraling around an imaginary axis