chapter 6

Question 1

Prokaryotic cell characteristics

Answer 1

No nucleus, DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid, No membrane-bound organelles, Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane.

Question 2

Eukaryotic cell characteristics

Answer 2

DNA in a nucleus that is bound by a membranous nuclear envelope, Membrane-bound organelles, Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus.

Question 3

What structures are common to eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?

Answer 3

Plasma membrane, cytosol, chromosomes, and ribosomes

Question 4

Are plant and animal cells prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Answer 4

eukaryotic

Question 5

What are some major differences between plant and animal cells?

Answer 5

plant cells have a cell wall and chloroplasts, animal cells lack these characteristics, but have an extracellular matrix

Question 6

nucleus

Answer 6

contains the DNA of the cell and is the location of RNA production

Question 7

Nuclear envelope

Answer 7

a double membrane separating it from the cytoplasm

Question 8

Role of pores in Nucleus

Answer 8

regulate the entry and exit of molecules from the nucleus

Question 9

What is the nucleolus

Answer 9

located within the nucleus and is the site of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis

Question 10

Ribosomes

Answer 10

site of protein synthesis; free ribosomes and bound ribosomes

Question 11

Where are free ribosomes?

Answer 11

In the cytosol

Question 12

Where are bound ribosomes?

Answer 12

On the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope

Question 13

Rough ER

Answer 13

studded with ribosomes, has bound ribosomes (which secrete glycoproteins), distributes transport vesicles, is a membrane factory for the cell

Question 14

Smooth ER

Answer 14

Synthesizes lipids; Stores calcium ions; Metabolizes carbohydrates; Detoxifies drugs and poisons

Question 15

Golgi apparatus

Answer 15

consists of flattened membranous sacs, or cisternae

Question 16

Functions of the Golgi apparatus

Answer 16

Modifies products of the ER; Manufactures some polysaccharides; Sorts and packages materials into transport vesicles

Question 17

cytoskeleton

Answer 17

A network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm; It organizes the cell’s structures and activities, anchoring many organelles

Question 18

cytoskeleton: Microtubules

Answer 18

15-25nm (Flagella, cilia)

Question 19

cytoskeleton: Microfilaments

Answer 19

7nm (Cell shape, cell division)

Question 20

cytoskeleton: Intermediate filaments

Answer 20

8-12nm (Organelle anchorage)

Question 21

mitochondria

Answer 21

site of cellular respiration (ATP synthesis); consists of two layers: Smooth outer membrane and Inner membrane folded into cristae

Question 22

Inner membrane of the mitochondria

Answer 22

Large surface area for ATP synthesizing enzymes

Question 23

Two compartments of inner membrane of mitochondria

Answer 23

intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix

Question 24

cell wall

Answer 24

extracellular structure of plant cells that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape, and prevents excessive uptake of water

Question 25

What is the cell wall made of?

Answer 25

cellulose fibers embedded in other polysaccharides and protein

Question 26

vacuoles

Answer 26

A cell may have one or several vacuoles, derived from endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus

Question 27

Food vacuoles

Answer 27

formed by phagocytosis in protists

Question 28

Contractile vacuoles

Answer 28

found in many freshwater protists, pump excess water out of cells

Question 29

Central vacuoles

Answer 29

found in many mature plant cells, hold organic compounds and water

Question 30

chloroplast

Answer 30

found in plants and algae, contain chlorophyll and are the sites of photosynthesis

Question 31

Chloroplast structure includes three membrane layers. What are they?

Answer 31

Thylakoid, Inner and outer membrane, and stroma

Question 32

Thylakoid

Answer 32

membranous sacs, stacked to form a granum

Question 33

Stroma

Answer 33

fluid between inner membrane and thylakoid

Question 34

Which cellular structures occur in both plants?

Answer 34

Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, cytoskeleton

Question 35

Which cellular structures occur in animals?

Answer 35

Nucleus, ribosomes, rough ER, smooth ER, Golgi apparatus, mitochondria, vacuoles, chloroplast, cell wall, cytoskeleton, centrioles

Question 36

Which cellular structures occur in prokaryotes?

Answer 36

prokaryotes only have ribosomes and some have a cell wall