chapter 5 Flashcards
Person–Environment Interactions
Behavior is a function of both the person and the environment
Developmental Trends in Psychometric Intelligence
Kurt Lewin (1936) B = f(P, E), where B = Behavior P = Person E = Environment
Competence
is the theoretical upper limit of a person’s capacity to function. into five domains: physical health, sensory-perceptual skills, motor skills, cognitive skills and ego strength
Environmental press
refers to the physical interpersonal, or social demands that environments put on people.
ex:
physical demands: walk up 3 stairs to you apartment
interpersonal demands: adjusting your behavior patterns to diff. people
Adaptation level:
Where behavior and affect are normal
press level is average for a particular level of competence
Zone of maximum performance potential
A slight increase in press improves performance
Zone of maximum comfort
Created by slight decreases in press
Lawton and Nahemow’s model suggests that behavior
- Proactivity
- Docility
depends on one’s competence level in an environment with a particular level of environmental press.
-Proactivity is choosing new behaviors to meet new desires or needs. (exert control over their lives)
-Docility is allowing the situation to dictate the options.
(little control over their lives)
Preventive and Corrective Proactivity (PCP) Model
Two types of proactive adaptations
Life stressors and
Life stressors and lack of good congruence in person–environment interactions result in poor life outcomes.
Two types of proactive adaptations:
Preventive adaptations—actions that avoid stressors and increase or build social resources. ex: making more friends
Corrective adaptations—actions taken in response to stressors and can be facilitated by internal and external resources. ex: changing diet after heart attack
Stress and Coping Framework
Interaction with the environment can produce stress (Lazarus, 1984).
-Adaptation depends on perception of environmental stress and the attempts to cope. (situations can be evaluated as Harmful, beneficial, or irrelevant )
If harmful, what is the coping mechanism and response? Outcome positive or negative?
if harmful people show a range of coping mechanisms to avoid harmful situations. coping outcomes can be either r positive negative depending on contextual factors
Schooler (1982):
the presence of social support systems affected the likelihood that particular situations would be defined as threatening.
ex: living alone=viewed more stressful
living nearby friends=less stressful, more supported
Everyday competence
is a person’s potential ability to perform a wide range of activities considered essential for independent living.
- Broader than just ADL or IADL
- Necessary determinate for whether an elderly person can take care of themselves
- Behavior is expressed in a particular environmental context and researcher need to pay heed to cultural and contextual differences in everyday competence.
Willis has developed a model that incorporates all the key ideas discussed above.
Antecedents
Components
Mechanisms
Outcomes of everyday competence
- Antecedents: involve individual and sociocultural factors
- Components: involve intraindividual and contextual factors
- Mechanisms: involve factors that moderate the way in which competence is expressed
- Outcomes of everyday competence: psychological and physical well-being (future competence related to current competence)
ecology of aging
seeks to understand the dynamic relations between older adults and the environments they inhabit
Aging in Place
- Balancing environment press and competence through selection and compensation
- Being able to maintain independence
- Feeling “at home”-> self-identity=attachment
- Cluster housing=combing aging in place philosophies with supportive services
- —-consists of a residential-like setting that provides a range of care
- —-lower cost alternatives and emphasizes individual choice
competence environmental press has two options
lower environmental press or increase competence develop new skills
or do both with home modification
Home Modification & Examples (look for pictures of these examples online)
Helping people deal with tasks of daily living by modifying the environment
- Hook for car keys near the door
- Hand rails in bathrooms
- Door handles that are easier to grasp
- Widening doorways
- Lowering countertops
- Wheelchair ramps
-An emerging home modification is the accessory dwelling unit (ADU).=seperate dwelling next to families main dwelling to give some independence
Adult Day Care
Designed to
Goal is to
three types
- Designed to provide support, companionship, and certain services during the day
- Goal is to delay placement in more formal care setting.
three types
- Social services, meals, recreation, and minor health care
- More intensive health care, therapy, for serious medical problems
- Specialize care for dementia or developmental disabilities
Congregate Housing
Apartment complex for older adults
- Shared meals
- Affordable
Differs from assisted living in level of services
Residents must be capable of independent living and
-not require continual medical care
-know where they are and oriented to time
-no evidence of disruptive behavior
-able to make independent decisions
-be able to follow specific service plans.
-provide only housing or housing + medical services
Assisted Living
Has these essential attributes:
A supportive living arrangement for people who need assistance with personal care but are not physically or mentally impaired to require 24-hour care. (not meant to deal with high intensive nursing care, foster autonomy/indepencence
Has these essential attributes:
- As much like a single family house as possible
- Emphasizes personal control, choice, dignity, and autonomy
- Should meet routine services and special needs
Assisted Living
- Utilize
- Generally
- ;ack of
-Utilize checklist to ensure the selected facility meets specific requirements of the individual
- Generally smaller and cost less
- Medicaid may subsidize if individual’s financial situation merits.
- Government assistance is expected to be limited in the future.
-Lack of regulations over quality of care
Sense of well-being is -higher with control over decisions and establishing stronger relationships.
Types of Nursing Homes
nursing home is a type of long term care
There are four types of nursing homes:
-Intensive skilled- 24 hour care of residents needing constant or complicated medical procedures
- Skilled nursing and rehabilitation-24 hr care under direct supervision of a physician, day to day services of nurse
- intermediate care-24 h4 care, nurse supervision, less intense level, long term physical or emotional illness
Custodial care -all nonmusical services a facility provides, feeding assistance with ADLS.
The difference between the types of nursing homes is the number of health care works on staff.
Who is Likely to Live in Nursing Homes?
Characteristics of People most likely to be placed in a nursing home
-Very old (typically over age 85)
-European American female
Financially disadvantaged
-Widowed or divorced
-Has lived in a nursing home for more than a year
-Has no children or siblings nearby
-The number of older adults of color in nursing homes is increasing
