Chapter 5

Question 1

What is confirmation bias?

Answer 1

few cases of the expected behaviour confirm a belief or theory, especially when the behaviour is attention-getting or widely reported.

Question 2

What is difference feminism?

Answer 2

focuses on the differences between men and women, calling for a valuation of women’s distinct traits and abilities and, in some cases, focusing on separation from the world and values of men

Question 3

What is ecofeminism?

Answer 3

Theories and activism linking fem-inism with environmental concerns. Ecofeminists see male domination and environmental degrada-tion as related phenomena

Question 4

What is first-wave feminism?

Answer 4

social movement that lasted from approximately 1850 to the end of the First World War. While first-wave feminism emphasized women’s legal status and, eventu-ally, suffrage, first-wave activists took on many social issues.

Question 5

What is gender divisions?

Answer 5

Joan Acker, the ways in which “ordinary organizational prac-tices produce the gender patterning of jobs, wages, and hierarchies, power and subordina-tion.

Question 6

What are gender images?

Answer 6

Joan Acker, sym-bols and images that “explain, express, reinforce, or sometimes oppose [gender] divisions.” For example, symbols and images of workers in a given industry may reinforce the view that only men can perform such work

Question 7

What is identity politics?

Answer 7

focuses on inclusion of groups as dis-tinctive.

Politics based not on belief systems, party politics, or ideology, but rather on the interests and identities of groups

Question 8

What are institutions?

Answer 8

Structures governing the behaviour of individuals and ensuring the society’s smooth functioning.

Sociologists identify five primary institu-tions (family, religion, school, media, and peers) and innumerable social (“secondary”) institu-tions.

Question 9

What is intersectionality?

Answer 9

“intersecting” (multiple) identities and forms of discrimination

Question 10

What is lesbian feminism?

Answer 10

social movement within 1970s feminism that contributed a critique of heterosexuality as an institution and, in some cases, advocated lesbianism or separatism as a political option.

Question 11

What is liberal feminism?

Answer 11

form of feminism that fo-cuses on legal remedies for inequality between men and women and creating the most gender-neutral society possible

Question 12

What is maternalist?

Answer 12

Celebrating mothering as a source of prestige and dignity, and as an argument and basis for women’s participation in society and politics

Question 13

What is Marxist and socialist feminisms?

Answer 13

Forms of feminism united by their emphasis on material conditions as a critical component of gender oppression.
Marxist view the eradication of capitalism as the way to create gender equality
Socialist feminism views cultural and economic realities as equally important to the status of women.

Question 14

What is the men’s movement?

Answer 14

describes move-ments of men seeking changes, emerging in the 1970s. Initially focused on the men’s liberation movement, the men’s movement split in sev-eral directions in the 1990s, and now includes both pro-feminist and anti-feminist groups

Question 15

What is the men’s liberation movement?

Answer 15

1970s move-ment, sympathetic to feminism, that criticized the restrictions and burdens of the male sex role.

Question 16

What is the men’s rights movement?

Answer 16

movement that split from the men’s liberation movement in the late 1970s, becoming focused on alleged discrimi-nation against men in a variety of arenas, most notably child custody and post-divorce finan-cial support.

Question 17

What is men’s studies?

Answer 17

interdisciplinary academic field dedicated to the study of masculinities, men’s lives, gender, and feminism

Question 18

What is a mid-life crisis?

Answer 18

developmental “crisis” charac-terized by a pressure to make wholesale changes in work, relationships, and leisure

Question 19

What is multiracial feminism?

Answer 19

Feminism that emerged in the 1970s as part of a critique of racism and Eurocentrism within the second-wave femi-nist movement.
Multiracial feminisms have contributed not only a critique of mainstream feminism but insights on racism, social location, and identity as contributors to the status of women

Question 20

What is a mythopoetic/new men’s movement?

Answer 20

segment of the men’s movement that focuses on re-claiming archetypal and mythical forms of masculinity through poetry, literature, and ritual.

Question 21

What is narrative coherence?

Answer 21

“a story that hangs to-gether.” Its application to human life-story tell-ing comes from narrative theory, which argues that the making of stories is fundamental to human cognitive processes

Question 22

What is organizational gender neutrality?

Answer 22

gender order is reproduced. According to Joan Acker, this “covers up, ob-scures, the underlying gender structure, allow-ing practices that perpetuate it to continue even as efforts to reduce gender inequality are also underway

Question 23

What is post-colonial feminism?

Answer 23

form of feminism, closely associated with women of the so-called “Third World,” that offers a critique of West-ern feminism’s universalizing tendencies and that analyzes colonialism, racism, and global capitalism in relation to the status of women

Question 24

What is post-feminism?

Answer 24

a belief that feminism has achieved its goals;
a view that feminism is irrelevant or insufficiently intersec-tional;
a refusal to identify with feminism while accepting many of the movement’s beliefs and tenets;
a hostility toward feminism

Question 25

What is post-modern feminism?

Answer 25

Feminism that draws upon literary and linguistic theory to argue that reality is constructed , through language and that sex has no stable character

Question 26

What are primary sex characteristics?

Answer 26

Sex characteris-tics present at birth

Question 27

What is pro-feminist?

Answer 27

Supporting feminism without considering oneself a feminist or a member of the feminist movement, normally used by men

Question 28

What is queer theory?

Answer 28

developed in the 1990s, that draws on feminism and LGBTQ activism. Queer theory moves beyond binary notions of gender, sex, and sexuality, focusing on the unstable, multiple (“queer”) nature of these and all identity categories

Question 29

What is radical feminism?

Answer 29

form of feminism that sees women’s unequal status as rooted in patriarchy and particularly in its control over the bodies and sexuality of women

Question 30

What is the riot grrrl movement?

Answer 30

cultural movement of the 1990s based on punk/alternative music and consciously feminist politics

Question 31

What are secondary sex characteristics?

Answer 31

Sex characteris-tics that develop at puberty, and are less decisive than primary sex characteristics.

Question 32

What is Second -wave feminism?

Answer 32

social movement and body of theory that developed after the Second World War, particularly in Western industrialized societies during the 1960s. Most impact occurred during 1970s

Question 33

What is sociology?

Answer 33

discipline within the social sci-ences that studies social structures and relations, described by C. Wright Mills as “the intersec-tion of biography and history

Question 34

What is symmetry in oppression?

Answer 34

system of domination oppresses both the dominant and the dominated group, only in different ways.

Question 35

What is third-wave feminism?

Answer 35

emerged c. 1990. Third-wave feminism critiques what it sees as the universal-izing tendencies of second-wave feminism and incorporates the insights of post-modern, post-colonial, and multiracial feminisms. It also insists on a “positive” view of sexuality

Question 36

What is transfeminism?

Answer 36

combination of feminism with trans political commitments

Question 37

What is the Women’s Liberation Movement?

Answer 37

Second-wave feminist activism in the 1960s and 1970s, par-ticularly in the US and UK.