Chapter 5

Question 1

Taste aversion learning

Answer 1

After becoming sick due to food, the item itself becomes a warning stimulus for sickness

Question 2

What are the explanations for taste aversion

Answer 2

Laws of classical conditioning
Law of effect (probability to repeat a situation based on outcome)

Question 3

Problems with classical conditioning explanations of taste aversion

Answer 3

One trial acquisition (one count food poisining)
Delayed conditioning (doesn’t get sick for 10+hours)
Selectivity in taste aversion learning (wont link with other paired stimuli)

Question 4

Is extinction more likely to occur in classical conditioning or one shot learning?

Answer 4

Classical conditioning
One shot learning is highly resistant

Question 5

Blocking ( the rescorla-wagner model)

Answer 5

Group A: group B
pre-training- none. Pre training- noise = shock
Conditioning -noise + light = shock. Conditioning -noise + light = shock
Testing-light. Testing-light
Response- freezing (high fear). Response - Bar pressing (no fear)

Fear of light is not learnt bc associative strength has been used up by noise shock pairing

Question 6

Natural selection 3 key features

Answer 6

1.all individuals are unique behaviorally and physiologically
2. Traits are heritable
3. Typically competition for important resources

Question 7

Instinctive drift

Answer 7

Refers to the tendency of organisms to revert to instinctual ,unlearned behaviours
Ex. Training pig to drop money = inset chive drift of digging behaviour

Question 8

Hindbrain

Answer 8

Lower brain stem responsible for basic physiological functions such as respiration and heart rate
Houses cerebellum which is involved in locomotion and balance

Question 9

Midbrain

Answer 9

Upper brain stem responsible for waking and sleeping and for controlling general arousal
Nerve fibers associated with movement

Question 10

Forebrain

Answer 10

Largest most complex brain structure
Includes: hypothalumus,thalamus, limbic system, cerebrum, cerebral cortex

Question 11

Learning can take 4 basic forms

Answer 11

1. Perceptual learning
2. Stimulus-response learning
3. Motor learning
4. Relational learning

Question 12

Perceptual learning

Answer 12

Any info coming in through senses and being processed

Question 13

Stimulus- response learning

Answer 13

Ability to learn to perform a particular behaviour when a particular stimulus is present
Involves establishment of connections between circuits involved in perception and movement

Question 14

Neural model of classical conditioning

Answer 14

Sensation (puff of air to the eye) → Neuron in somatosensory (eyes) natural response is to blink. Therefore synapse is strong

Sensation ( 1000-hz tone) → neurons in auditory system, no natural response of blinking to a tone. Therefore synapse is weak - however, it can be strengthened over time through classical conditioning

Question 15

Hebb rule

Answer 15

If synapse repeatedly becomes active at same time that the post synaptic neutron fires, changes will take place in structure + chemistry of the synapse that strengthen it

If weak and strong neuron are activated together. Weak neuron will eventually become strong

Question 16

Classical vs instrumental conditioning

Answer 16

Classical: reward is delivered independently of behaviour
Instrumental: behaviour causes reward to appear

Question 17

Neural model for instrumental conditioning

Answer 17

Stimulus → neural circuit that detects and processes a particular stimuli (perceptual system) → neural circuit that controls a particular behaviour (motor system) → desired behaviour → reinforcing stimuli

Reinforcement system strengthens connection between perceptual and motor system

Question 18

Motor learning

Answer 18

Changes within motor system

Question 19

What is motor learning dependant on?

Answer 19

Sensory guidance from the environment (perceptual system)

Question 20

Overview: perceptual, s-r, motor learning

Answer 20

Stimulus → perceptual system → s-r learning → motor learning → response

Question 21

Long-term potentiation

Answer 21

A particular neuron changes the way its behaving in terms of its voltage
Potentiation =increase in receptors

Question 22

Hippocampal formation ( used in memory formation)

Answer 22

Series of structures that work together in a circuit (activity in one part of formation effects activity in another part)

Question 23

How can you measure a charge?

Answer 23

Using an electrode

Question 24

How can you give a neuron some charge?

Answer 24

Electrode

Question 25

How do we measure change/stimulation in hippocampal formation?

Answer 25

Repeatedly stimulating axon in perforant path with electrode and recording voltage from a neuron in dentate gyrus

Question 26

What does hippocampul long term pontentiation simulate?

Answer 26

Hebbs rule

Question 27

Long term depression

Answer 27

Low-frequency stimulation of the synaptic inputs A long-term decrease in the excitability of a nueron to a particular synaptic input Ex. After this class you want study this material (low frequency stimulation) and it will be forgotten

Question 28

Is long term depression hyperpolarization or polarization

Answer 28

Hyper-polarization

Question 29

Perceptual learning

Answer 29

Involves learning to recognize things (perceive) not what to do when they are present

Question 30

Ventral stream

Answer 30

What? Stream Object recognition Continues into the temporal cortex

Question 31

Dorsal stream

Answer 31

Where? Stream Location of objects Continues into parietal cortex

Question 32

What responses can an aversive stimulus produce

Answer 32

Behavioural: freezing Autonomic: increased blood pressure Hormonal: secretion of adrenal

Question 33

Where does the amygdala (emotion control) receive its information from?

Answer 33

Lateral nucleus

Question 34

What is the primary function of the basal nucleus?

Answer 34

Stimulating fear response After info is received from lateral nucleus -→ the basal nucleus stimulates fear

Question 35

After the basal nucleus receives info from the lateral nucleus, where does it go?

Answer 35

Central nucleus

Question 36

What are the two major pathways between the sensory association cortex and the motor association cortex

Answer 36

1. Direct transcortical connections thalamus 2. Connections vid the basal ganglia and thalamus

Question 37

What are involved in our pleasure areas?

Answer 37

Ventral segmental area Nucleus accumbens

Question 38

What two functions must any reinforcement systems perform?

Answer 38

1. Detect presence of reinforcing stimulus 2. Strengthen connections between neutrons that detect the stimulus and ones that produce responses

Question 39

Reinforcement: VTA

Answer 39

Has dopaminergic neutrons: neural chemical that results in a pleasurable feeling

Question 40

Detection in reinforcement

Answer 40

Depends on physiological state of organism. Will the reinforcer dectually be of any pleasure to the organism? Is the reinforcer food and they are already full?

Question 41

Where is the pre-frontal cortex?

Answer 41

Right behind the forehead

Question 42

Where is the hippocampus

Answer 42

Buried deep in the brain

Question 43

When first learning is the hippocampus or prefrontal cortex more active?

Answer 43

Hippocampus (activity is high at first and then decreases)

Question 44

Prefrontal cortex activity in relation to learning

Answer 44

Activity in prefrontal cortex is low as learning first occurs and then it increases over time

Question 45

Episodic memory

Answer 45

Memory of a collection of perceptions of events organized in time identified by a particular context Ex. Memory of having birthday dinner with a friend

Question 46

Semantic memory

Answer 46

Memory of facts and general information Ex. Who the president is

Question 47

Spatial memory

Answer 47

Example: remembering how to get from class to class

Question 48

Where are place cells located

Answer 48

Hippocampus

Question 49

What are place cells

Answer 49

Neutron that becomes active when the animal is in a particular location in the environment

Question 50

Morris Water maze task:

Answer 50

Fats use environmental cues to orient themselves in space There are variable and fixed start positions If released from variable spots :relations/connections are made If released from same position: rats will eventually find the platform through stimulus response learning. At a constant start (stimulus response task): the rats with and without lesions will take the same amount of time In a variable start (relational task): lesioned animals use no relations (take longer)

Question 51

Water maze task lidocaine injection:

Answer 51

They questioned what happens if hippocampus vs. Cerebral cortex were inactivated on day 1 of training vs. 30 days after training Results: Hippocampus : day 1 injection then test = no memory. Day 30 injection then test = good memory Cerebral cortex: day 1 injection then test = good memory. Day 30 injection then test = no memory

Question 52

What is relational learning?

Answer 52

Putting the pieces together. "Relating things" to learn

Question 53

Retrograde amnesia vs. Anterograde amnesia

Answer 53

Retrograde: can't remember events prior to brain damage Anterograde (what h.m had) can't remember events that occur after brain damage

Question 54

Is korsakoft's syndrome a form of retrograde or anterograde amnesia?

Answer 54

Anterograde Can be from chronic alcohol use

Question 55

Milner 3 assumptions about h.m

Answer 55

1. Hippocampus is not the location of long term memory 2. Hippocampus is not the location of short term memory 3. Hippocampus is involved in converting (consolidation) short term memories to long-term

Question 56

Declarative memory (excplict)

Answer 56

Memory that can be verbally expressed (telling a story about a past experience)

Question 57

Nondeclarative memory (implicht)

Answer 57

Does not depend on hippocampul formation Motor memory, stimulus - response memory