chapter 5 Flashcards
(17 cards)
The Rise of Multiculturalism
● Cultural pluralism assumes that societies should maintain different cultures, that every culture within a society should be respected, that individuals have the right to participate in society without giving up cultural identity
● U.S. becoming more culturally diverse because of changes in immigration, birthrates
Ethnocentrism: belief that one’s own culture is superior to other cultures
Ethnicity and Social Class
● Culture: how a group of people perceives, believes, thinks, behaves
● Ethnic group members differ in verbal and nonverbal communication patterns
● Ethnic group members may hold different values
● Ethnic group members may favor different learning arrangements and processes
● Poverty rates higher for ethnic families of color than for Whites
● Children of color often score lower on tests, drop out of school sooner
● Achievement gap between low-SES minority students and White students due to living conditions, family environment, characteristics of the student, and classroom environment
● Low-SES children more likely to live in stressful environment that interferes with studying
● Classroom atmosphere, teachers’ approaches connected with achievement levels of low-SES students
● Teacher expectancy effect: students behave in ways that are consistent with expectations that teachers communicate
● Strong effect of teacher expectancy on achievement, participation
● Teacher expectancies influenced by social class, ethnic background, achievement, attractiveness, gender
socioeconomic status (SES)
A quantifiable level of social standing, determined by the fe0deral government on the basis of a person’s income, occupation, and education. (See social class)
social class An individual’s or a family’s relative standing in society, determined by such factors as income, occupation, education, place of residence, types of associations, manner of dress, and material possessions.
teacher expectancy effect
The tendency of students to behave in ways they think the teacher expects them to behave. Also called self-fulfilling prophecy; Pygmalion effect.
Cultural pluralism
assumes that societies should maintain different cultures, that every culture within a society should be respected, that individuals have the right to participate in society without giving up cultural identity
Multicultural Education Programs
● Multicultural programs aim to promote respect for diversity, reduction of ethnocentrism and stereotypes, improved learning
● Multicultural understanding can be promoted by electronically linking students from different cultural backgrounds
Multicultural education can be approached in different ways
● Peer tutoring improves achievement
● Cooperative learning: students work together in small groups
● Cooperative learning fosters better understanding among ethnically diverse students
● Mastery learning: most students can master the curriculum
Bilingual Education
● Transition programs focus on rapid shift to English proficiency
● Maintenance programs focus on maintaining native-language competence
● Two-way bilingual education programs feature instruction in both languages
● Bilingual education programs produce moderate learning gains
Research findings support bilingual education programs
Research has found that students in bilingual education programs, particularly two-way programs, demonstrate higher achievement than students in English-only (or immersion) programs.
Bilingual education programs typically fall into one of three categories.
Transition programs teach LEP students either entirely or partly in their native language so as not to impede their academic progress while they learn English. Once they are judged to have basic fluency, they are placed in regular classes.
Some programs include a pull-out English immersion component to minimize the transition time.
Maintenance programs provide instruction in the student’s native language for a longer period of time in an attempt to maintain or improve their native-language skills.
Two-way bilingual (also called bilingual immersion, two-way immersion, and dual language) programs seek to have all students become proficient in a community’s majority and minority languages by providing instruction in both languages.
Technology is particularly helpful in meeting the goals of multicultural education programs.
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Well-designed multicultural education programs have particular educational goals, methods, and materials
Multicultural education programs that have been well conceived emphasize both mastery of basic skills and higher-level cognitive skills; employ such effective instructional methods as peer tutoring, cooperative learning, and mastery learning; and seek out textbooks and other materials that have accurate and meaningful coverage of ethnic minorities.
Multicultural education can be approached in different ways
Multicultural education can be approached in different ways. James Banks, a leading scholar on multicultural education, has identified four approaches to multicultural education that vary in their goals and complexity: the contributions approach, the ethnic additive approach, the transformative approach, and the decision-making and social action approac
Basic Approached on multicultural education
Contribution approach
Ethnic historical figures whose values and behaviors are consistent with american mainstream culture are studied, whereas individuals who have challenged the dominant view are ignored
Basic Approached on multicultural education
Ethnic Additive Approach
::Incorporated the first:: A instructional unit composed of concepts, theme, points of view, and individual accomplishments is simply added to the curriculum.
Basic Approached on multicultural education
Transformative approach
is the assumption that there is no one valid way of understanding people, events, concepts, and themes. Rather there are multiple views and each has something of value to offer.
Basic Approached on multicultural education
Decision-making and social action approach.
this incorporates the components of the previous approaches and adds the requirement that students make decisions and take actions concerning a concept. issue, or problem being studied.
