Chapter 5

Question 1

Places where two or more nations or societies border each other, and where power is dispersed among competing actors, resulting in fluid social relations, hybrid cultures, and the absence of firmly agreed sovereignty. During the colonial era in North America, borderlands were often places where European empires and Native American societies engaged with each other, including the Great Lakes and the Missouri Valley regions. Other examples include the vast territory from Texas to California where Hispanic and Anglophone cultures have intermingled for centuries.

Answer 1

borderlands

Question 2

Armed march on Philadelphia by Scotts-Irish frontiersmen in protest against the Quaker establishment’s lenient policies toward Native Americans.

Answer 2

Paxton Boys

Question 3

Eventually violent uprising of backcountry settlers in North Carolina against unfair taxation and the control of colonial affairs by the seaboard elite.

Answer 3

Regulator movement

Question 4

Uprising of approximately two dozen enslaved Africans that resulted in the deaths of nine whites and the brutal execution of twenty-one participating blacks.

Answer 4

New York slave revolt

Question 5

Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

Answer 5

South Carolina slave revolt

Question 6

Exchange of rum, slaves, and molasses between the North American colonies, Africa, and the West Indies. A small but immensely profitable subset of the Atlantic trade.

Answer 6

triangular trade

Question 7

Tax on imported molasses passed by Parliament in an effort to squelch the North American trade with the French West Indies. It proved largely ineffective due to widespread smuggling.

Answer 7

Molasses Act

Question 8

Belief that salvation is offered to all humans but is conditional on acceptance of God’s grace. Different from Calvinism, which emphasizes predestination and unconditional election.

Answer 8

Arminianism

Question 9

Religious revival that swept the colonies. Participating ministers, most notably Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield, placed an emphasis on direct, emotive spirituality. A Second Great Awakening arose in the nineteenth century.

Answer 9

Great Awakening

Question 10

Orthodox clergymen who rejected the emotionalism of the Great Awakening in favor of a more rational spirituality.

Answer 10

old lights

Question 11

Ministers who took part in the revivalist, emotive religious tradition pioneered by George Whitefield during the Great Awakening.

Answer 11

New lights

Question 12

Widely read annual pamphlet edited by Benjamin Franklin. Best known for its proverbs and aphorisms emphasizing thrift, industry, morality, and common sense.

Answer 12

Poor Richard’s Almanack

Question 13

New York libel case against John Peter Zenger. Established the principle that truthful statements about public officials could not be prosecuted as libel.

Answer 13

Zenger trial

Question 14

Colonies where governors were appointed directly by the king. Though often competent administrators, the governors frequently ran into trouble with colonial legislatures, which resented the imposition of control from across the Atlantic.

Answer 14

royal colonies

Question 15

Colonies—Maryland, Pennsylvania, and Delaware—under the control of local proprietors, who appointed colonial governors.

Answer 15

proprietary colonies

Question 16

Uprising, also known as the Stono Rebellion, of more than fifty South Carolina blacks along the Stono River. They attempted to reach Spanish Florida but were stopped by the South Carolina militia.

Answer 16

South Carolina slave revolt (Stono River)

Question 17

(1735-1813) French settler whose essays depicted life in the North American colonies and described what he saw as a new American identity—an amalgam of multiple ethnicities and cultures.

Answer 17

Michel-Guillaume Jean de Crèvecoeur

Question 18

(1560-1609) Dutch theologian who rejected predestination, preaching that salvation could be attained through the acceptance of God’s grace and was open to all, not just the elect.

Answer 18

Jacobus Arminius

Question 19

(1703-1758) New England minister whose fiery sermons helped touch off the First Great Awakening. Edwards emphasized human helplessness and depravity and touted that salvation could be attained through God’s grace alone.

Answer 19

Jonathan Edwards

Question 20

(1714-1770) Itinerant English preacher whose rousing sermons throughout the American colonies drew vast audiences and sparked a wave of religious conversion, the First Great Awakening. Whitefield’s emotionalism distinguished him from traditional, “old light,” ministers who embraced a more reasoned, stoic approach to religious practice.

Answer 20

George Whitefield

Question 21

Definition:
(1756-1843) Connecticut-born painter who, like many of his contemporaries, traveled to England to pursue his artistic ambitions. Trumbull was best known for his depictions of key events in the American Revolution, including the signing of the Declaration of Independence.

Answer 21

John Trumbull

Question 22

(1738-1815) Massachusetts-born artist best known for his portraits of prominent colonial Americans, including Samuel Adams and Paul Revere. A Loyalist during the Revolutionary War, Copley spent the rest of his life in London, painting portraits of British aristocrats and depicting scenes from English history.

Answer 22

John Singleton Copley

Question 23

(ca. 1753-1784) African American poet who overcame the barriers of slavery to publish two collections of her poems. As a young girl, Wheatley lived in Boston; she was later taken to England, where she found a publisher willing to distribute her work.

Answer 23

Phillis Wheatley

Question 24

(1697-1746) New York printer tried for seditious libel against the state’s corrupt royal governor. His acquittal set an important precedent for freedom of the press.

Answer 24

John Peter Zenger